Mesir Kuno: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Baris 180:
{{Main|Masakan Mesir Kuno}}
Masakan Mesir cenderung tidak berubah selama berabad-abad; Masakan Mesir modern memiliki banyak persamaan dengan Masakan Mesir Kuno. Makanan sehari-hari biasanya mengandung roti dan bir, dengan lauk berupa sayuran seperti bawang merah dan bawang putih, serta buah-buahan berbentuk biji dan ara. Wine dan daging biasanya hanya disajikan pada perayaan tertentu, kecuali di kalangan orang kaya yang lebih sering menyantapnya. Ikan, daging, dan unggas dapat diasinkan atau dikeringkan, serta direbus atau dibakar.<ref>Manuelian (1998) pp. 399–400</ref>
=== Seni ===
[[File:Nefertiti 30-01-2006.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Patung dada Nefertiti]], karya [[Thutmose (sculptor)|Thutmose]], adalah salah satu mahakarya terkenal bangsa Mesir Kuno.]]
{{Main|Seni Mesir Kuno}}
Bangsa Mesir Kuno memproduksi seni untuk berbagai tujuan. Selama 3500 tahun, seniman mengikuti bentuk artistik dan ikonografi yang dikembangkan pada masa Kerajaan Lama. Aliran ini memiliki prinsip-prinsip ketat yang harus diikuti, mengakibatkan bentuk aliran ini tidak mudah berubah dan terpengaruh aliran lain.<ref>Robins (1997) hal. 29</ref> Standar artistik—garis-garis sederhana, bentuk, dan area warna yang datar dikombinasikan dengan karakteristik figure yang tidak memiliki kedalaman spasial—menciptakan rasa keteraturan dan keseimbangan dalam komposisinya. Teks dan gambar terjalin dengan baik di tembok makam dan kuil, peti mati, dan patung.<ref>Robins (1997) hal. 21</ref>
Ancient Egyptian artisans used stone to carve statues and fine reliefs, but used wood as a cheap and easily carved substitute. Paints were obtained from minerals such as iron ores (red and yellow ochres), copper ores (blue and green), soot or charcoal (black), and limestone (white). Paints could be mixed with [[gum arabic]] as a binder and pressed into cakes, which could be moistened with water when needed.<ref>Nicholson (2000) p. 105</ref> Pharaohs used [[relief]]s to record victories in battle, royal decrees, and religious scenes. Common citizens had access to pieces of [[funerary art]], such as [[Ushabti|shabti]] statues and books of the dead, which they believed would protect them in the afterlife.<ref name="James122">James (2005) p. 122</ref> During the Middle Kingdom, wooden or clay models depicting scenes from everyday life became popular additions to the tomb. In an attempt to duplicate the activities of the living in the afterlife, these models show laborers, houses, boats, and even military formations that are scale representations of the ideal ancient Egyptian afterlife.<ref>Robins (1998) p. 74</ref>
Despite the homogeneity of ancient Egyptian art, the styles of particular times and places sometimes reflected changing cultural or political attitudes. After the invasion of the Hyksos in the Second Intermediate Period, [[Minoan civilization|Minoan]]-style frescoes were found in [[Avaris]].<ref>Shaw (2002) p. 216</ref> The most striking example of a politically driven change in artistic forms comes from the Amarna period, where figures were radically altered to conform to [[Akhenaten]]'s revolutionary religious ideas.<ref>Robins (1998) p. 149</ref> This style, known as [[Amarna art]], was quickly and thoroughly erased after Akhenaten's death and replaced by the traditional forms.<ref>Robins (1998) p. 158</ref>
===Agama dan kepercayaan===
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