Wikipedia

Taekwondo: Perbedaan antara revisi

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif
← Revisi sebelumnyaRevisi selanjutnya →
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
VisualTeks wiki
k Suntingan 85.164.165.216 (Bicara) dikembalikan ke versi terakhir oleh 217.117.224.181
k hapus prnala2 yg krg relevan di :id
Baris 1:
{{koreanname image|
image=[[Image:Taekwondo_Fight_01.jpg|200px|Pertandingan Taekwondo, mengikuti aturan WTF]]|
hangul=태권도|
Baris 6:
rr=Taegwondo|
}}
'''Taekwondo''' (juga dieja '''Tae Kwon Do''', '''Taekwon-Do''', atau '''Taegwondo''') adalah [[olah raga]] [[bela diri]] [[Korea]] yang paling populer dan juga merupakan [[olah raga nasional]] Korea. Ini adalah seni bela diri yang paling banyak dimainkan di dunia{{fact}} dan juga dipertandingkan di [[Olimpiade]].
 
Dalam [[bahasa Korea]], yang berasal dari [[hanja]], untuk ''Tae'' berarti "menendang atau menghancurkan dengan kaki"; ''Kwon'' berarti "tinju"; dan ''[[Do]]'' berarti "jalan" atau "seni". Jadi, ''Taekwondo'' dapat diterjemahkan dengan bebas sebagai "seni tangan dan kaki" atau "jalan" atau "cara kaki dan kepalan". Popularitas Taekwondotaekwondo telah menyebabkan seni ini berkembang dalam berbagai bentuk. Seperti banyak seni bela diri lainnya, Taekwondotaekwondo adalah gabungan dari teknik perkelahian, bela diri, olah raga, olah tubuh, hiburan, dan filsafat.
 
Meskipun ada banyak perbedaan doktriner dan teknik di antara berbagai organisasi Taekwondotaekwondo, seni ini pada umumnya menekankan tendangan yang dilakukan dari suatu sikap bergerak, dengan menggunakan daya jangkau dan kekuatan kaki yang lebih besar untuk melumpuhlan lawan dari kejauhan. Dalam suatu pertandingan, tendangan berputar, 45 derajat, depan, kapak dan samping adalah yang paling banyak dipergunakan; tendangan yang dilakukan mencakup tendangan melompat, berputar, ''skip'' dan menjatuhkan, seringkali dalam bentuk kombinasi beberapa tendangan. Latihan taekwondo juga mencakup suatu sistem yang menyeluruh dari pukulan dan pertahanan dengan tangan, tetapi pada umumnya tidak menekankan ''grappling'' (pergulatan).
<!--==History of Korean Striking Arts==
While the practice of martial arts has ancient roots in Korea, the naming and systemization of Taekwondo occurred relatively recently, and the Olympic sparring rules are being revised even today. See [[Korean martial arts]].
 
As far back as the [[Goguryeo]] Dynasty (37 B.C. – A.D. 668) and [[Silla]] Dynasty (57 BCE - 935 CE), Subak techniques were used to train Korean warriors. During the early [[Joseon]] Dynasty (1393 - 1910), Subak was divided into [[Taekyon]] (a striking art) and [[Yusul]] (a grappling art). Through the years, however, Yusul was practiced with decreasing frequency and, eventually, only the Taekyon aspect of Subak remained, facing extinction.
 
In the late 18th century, King Chongjo ordered the compilation of the [[Muyedobotongji]] (武藝圖譜通志), an official martial arts text which identified many disciplines. Taekyon survived during the last part of the Chosun Dynasty via the secret practice of certain Korean families and street gangs.
 
[[Image:Taekwondo1.jpg|thumb|275px|This Taekwondo practitioner performs a side kick to break boards.]]
During the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese occupation]] of Korea (1910-1945), many Koreans were exposed to Japanese martial arts such as [[Karate]]. As the Japanese moved deeper into the continent, Karate was adopted and mixed with more traditional Korean martial arts such as [[Taekyon]], as well as traditional Chinese martial arts studied by Koreans in [[Manchuria]] and [[China]].
 
Around the liberation of Korea in 1945, five martial arts schools under the style name of Kong Soo Do or Tang Soo Do, called Kwans, were formed by men who were mostly trained in Japanese Karate. The Kwans and their founders were the Chung Do Kwan (LEE, Won Kuk), Jidokwan (CHUN, Sang Sup), Chang Moo Kwan (YOON, Byung In), Moo Duk Kwan (Hwang Ki), and Song Moo Kwan (ROH, Byung Jick).
 
Around 1953, shortly after the Korean War, five more Kwans formed. These 2nd generation Kwans and their principle founders were; Oh Do Kwan (CHOI, Hong Hi & NAM, Tae Hi), Han Moo Kwan (LEE, Kyo Yun), Kang Duk Kwan (PARK, Chul Hee & Hong Jong Pyo), Jung Do Kwan (LEE, Young Woo), and Kuk Mu Kwan (KANG, Suh Chong).
 
In 1955, these arts, at that time called various names by the different schools, were ordered to unify by South Korea's President [[Syngman Rhee]]. A governmental body selected a naming committee's submission of "Taekwondo" as the name. Both Sun Duk Song and Choi Hong Hi both claim to have submitted the name. The name sounds like the ancient Korean martial arts of ''Taekyon'', as Taekwondo has direct relation to Taekyon in the techniques.
 
In 1959, the Korean Taekwondo Association (KTA) was formed in an attempt to unify the dozens of the kwans as one standardized system of Taekwondo. The first international tour of Taekwondo, by General CHOI, Hong Hi, founder of the Oh Do Kwan (founded, 1953-4), and 19 black belts, was held in 1959. In 1960, [[Jhoon Rhee]] was teaching what he called Karate ( the names Tae Kwon Do and Tang Soo Do were unknown in the west at this time) in Texas, USA. After receiving the ROK Army Field Manual which contained martial arts training curriculum under the new name of Taekwondo, from [[General Choi Hong Hi]], Rhee began using the name Taekwondo.
 
Despite this unification effort, the kwans continued to teach their individual styles. The Korean government ordered a single organization be created and, on [[1961]] [[September 16]], the kwans agreed to unify under the name Korea Tae Soo Do Association (which changed its name back to the Korean Taekwondo Association when Choi became its president in August 1965). The Korean Athletic Union recognized Taekwondo as a sport in 1962, elevating it to the status of national sport, with seven weight divisions, in 1964.
 
A goodwill trip to the Communist government of North Korea in 1966 caused General Choi to fall out of favor in South Korea. General Choi founded the [[International Taekwondo Federation]] (ITF) in March of that year, in Seoul, Korea with associations in [[Vietnam]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[West Germany]], the [[United States]], [[Turkey]], [[Italy]], [[Egypt]] and Korea. The ITF endorsed the Oh Do Kwan style developed by Gen. CHOI, Hong Hi and NAM, Tae Hee which used a rearranged version of the Karate forms of the Kwans called Chang Hon Hyungs, then later changed to Tuls. The Oh Do Kwan was the only Kwan to use Nam and Choi's Chang Hon forms. Later, Gen. Choi fled South Korea and moved to Canada, moving the headquarters of ITF with him. By 1971, ITF had more than 65 member countries.
 
In 1966-67, the Korea Taekwondo Association changed from the Pyong Ahn and related Hyungs to the newly created 8 Palgwe and 9 Yudanja Poomsae.
 
In 1972, the Korea Taekwondo Association Central Dojang was opened. A few months later, the name was changed to the [[Kukkiwon]]. Kukkiwon literatly means "National Technique Center" and is the World Taekwondo Headquarters. At that time, 8 new Poomsae called Taegeuk replaced the Palgwe Poomsae. In 1973, the [[World Taekwondo Federation]] (WTF) was formed by the nations of Korea, USA, Uganda, Mexico, Austria, and the Republic of China. It was originally headed by [[Kim Un-Yong]] (later a member of the [[IOC]]). The 1st World Taekwondo Championship was held at the Kukkiwon with participation of 35 delegates from around the world.
 
Even though the Kukkiwon curriculum of Taekwondo is broad, with research and practice of many aspects of the martial arts, only a newly created type of sparring called "Shihap-Kyorugi" was accepted by the WTF as a competition event in the World Championships. This new full-contact, non-stop sparring competition format used in this first and subsequent WTF events, led the WTF to successful acceptance into the Summer Olympic Games.
 
In July 1980, the [[International Olympic Committee]] recognized the WTF and Taekwondo sparring was accepted as a demonstration sport at the 1988 Seoul and the 1992 Barcelona Summer Olympic Games. It has been an official full medal Olympic event since the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. Taekwondo is one of two Asian martial arts ([[Judo]] being the other) in the [[Olympic Games]]. Taekwondo was admitted to the [[Asian Games]] as an official event in 1984.
 
In 2006, the WTF has over 180 Member National Association with approximately 50,000,000 members.
 
==Organizations==
Outside of the Kukkiwon, and WTF Sanctioned Events, Taekwondo today can be divided into many private organizations which require you to be a student of a dues paying member school or club. You can not enter a private Taekwondo organization's competitions without first being a student in one of their sanctioned schools. This is different with the [[World Taekwondo Federation]] (WTF) member nations, where any person, regardless of school affiliation, or style can compete in national WTF events. The WTF is open to all participants, regardless of school affliation. Some of the many private Taekwondo organizations are: ITF, WTU, ITU, ITTF, WTTF, KTF, KTTA, ATA, ATF, ATU, UTF, UTI, UTU, and so on. It is estimated that there are over 200 private Taekwondo organizations in the world.
 
[[Image:Demonstration.jpg|thumb|190px|left|Taekwondo practitioners showing off their techniques.]]
 
Since the death of the President of the ITF (General Choi) in 2002, the leadership of the ITF has been disputed. The organization has broken into several splinter groups, with three claiming to be the legitimate ITF. They are: [[ITF Canada]], [[ITF Austria]], and [[ITF North Korea]]. See the [[International Taekwondo Federation|ITF]] page for more details on this issue.
 
The ITF had considerable success in bringing its organization to over 60 nations of the world by the 1960s. However, the WTF succeeded in taking Taekwondo to the Olympic stage, growing Taekwondo to over 180 nations with 50,000,000 members by 2006. Today, WTF rules are used as the official rules in the Olympic Games. A major difference between ITF and WTF is that, in WTF, the spelling "Taekwondo", whereas the ITF uses the spelling "Taekwon-Do". Gen. Choi used the form "Taekwon-Do" to represent a balance between the physical aspect of the art (Taekwon, referring to the foot and hand) and the mental side of the art (Do, meaning way). This mental side of the art also encompasses the moral culture of Taekwon-Do, which is evident in the tenets and student oath of the ITF.
 
Technical differences among these many organizations revolve largely around the ''poomsae'' (or forms), the pre-set, formal sequences of movements. For example, the ITF has 24 [[International Taekwondo Federation#Patterns|patterns]] (called ''tuls'') which now use a sine wave motion, while the ITA, an ITF splinter group, uses the old ITF method without the sine wave motion. The ATA uses its own forms called ''Songahm''. The WTF only recognizes Kukkiwon's [[Taeguk (Taekwondo)|Taeguk]] ''poomsae''. Many other forms exist, including ''Kicho'', ''Kibon'', ''Dan'', ''Pinyan'', ''Palgwe'', or even the older original ''Hyungs''. Variation exists from school to school in terms of which forms are taught.
 
In addition to these private organizations, there are several schools that began teaching before any of these groups became commonplace, and continue to remain separate. These old schools are called Kwans. Although the unification of the Kwans was successful, nine Taekwondo kwans continue to exist separately now as fraternal membership organizations that support the Kukkiwon and WTF. The official curriculum of the nine main Kwans is unified under the curriculum set forth by the body the nine Kwans created, the Kukkiwon. The nine Kwans also function as a channel for the issuing of Kukkiwon Dan and Poom certification for their members.
 
On May 20th, 1976, the Korean Taekwondo Association officially eliminated the names of the Kwans and replaced them with numbers:
 
*1: Songmookwan
*2: Hanmookwan
*3: Changmookwan
*4: Moodukkwan
*5: Ohdokwan
*6: Kangdukkwan
*7: Jungdokwan
*8: Jidokwan
*9: Chungdokwan
*10: Kwanrikwan
 
Each Kwan has its own individual pledge of tenets and manners that describes the organization's goals for personal improvement. For example, the tenets of Oh Do Kwan have become very popular, and many Taekwondo schools use them even though their roots are not originally from Oh Do Kwan. The Oh Do Kwan tenets are: Courtesy, Integrity, Perseverance, Self Control, and Indomitable Spirit. In contrast, the Jidokwan manners are: View, Feel, Think, Speak, Order, Contribute, Have Ability and Conduct Rightly.
 
==Features==
Taekwondo is famed for its employment of kicking techniques, which distinguishes it from martial arts such as [[Karate]] or certain southern styles of [[Kung Fu]]. The rationale is that the leg is the longest and strongest weapon a martial artist has, and kicks thus have the greatest potential to strike without retaliation.
 
Taekwondo as a sport and exercise is popular with people of both sexes and of many ages. Physically, Taekwondo develops strength, speed, balance, flexibility, and stamina. An example of the union of mental and physical discipline is the breaking of boards, which requires both physical mastery of the technique and the concentration to focus one's strength.
 
[[Image:Tkdkidstretching.jpg|thumb|225px|Stretching during warm-ups is one way Taekwondo develops flexibility.]]
Although each Taekwondo club or school will be different, a Taekwondo student can typically expect to take part in most or all of the following:
 
* Learning the techniques and curriculum of Taekwondo
* Both anerobic and aerobic workout, including stretching
* Self-defense techniques
* Poomse, or patterns (also called forms) -- either tuls, hyongs, palgwes, or taeguks
* [[Sparring]], including step-sparring and/or free-style, arranged, hoshinsul and more
* Relaxation exercises
* Breaking (using techniques to break boards for testing, training & martial arts demonstrations)
* Exams to progress to the next rank
* A focus on mental, & ethical discipline, justice, etiquette, respect, and self confidence.
 
Some of the most well known Taekwondo techniques include:
 
*[[Front Kick]] ''(ap chagi)'': This is a very linear kick. The practitioner raises their knee to their waist, pulls their toes back and quickly extends their foot at an opponent. It is also known as the snap kick.
*[[Roundhouse Kick]] ''(doll rye chagi)'': This kick is when one raises the knee, turns, and extends the foot out attacking with the instep. Also known as the Instep Kick
*[[Side Kick]] ''(yup chagi)'': A very powerful kick that has somewhat fallen out of favor as competition has become progressively faster. The technique is very similar to the Roundhouse, first the practitioner raises his knee and turns but instead of striking with the instep, they strike with the side of their foot.
*[[Turning Kick]]: The practitioner raises their knee, pulls their toes back and extends the kick horizontally across his target.
*[[Hook Kick]] ''(ap hurya chagi)'': A less popular kick traditionally, it has found increasing favor in modern competitions. The practitioner raises the knee in a fashion similar to the side kick, then extends the foot in a dorsal arc (would be clock-wise for the right foot) with the heel as the intended striking weapon. This is also known as the Front Hook Kick.
*[[Axe Kick]] ''(nerio chagi)'': Another kick that has increased in popularity due to sparring competitons. The knee is raised in front of the body, the leg then extended and pulled down with the heel pointed downward. It is typically targeted toward the head or shoulders and requires significant flexibility to employ effectively. There are many styles of axe kicks. They are also known as downward kicks.
*[[Crescent Kick]] ''(chiki chagi)'': There are two variations of this kick; outer cresent and the inner cresent. In outer, the practitioner raises the extended leg as high as they can, and slightly across your body, (a bit to the side of the intended target), they then sweep to the side in a circular (crescent) movement. For the inner, the motions are the same, but the direction of the kick changes, this time originating from the outside of the body, heading towards the inside of the body.
*[[Spin Kicks]] ''(dwet chagi)'': There are a number of spinning kicks that involve the rotation of the entire body before the kick is released. Spinning kicks include the spinning side kick ''(dwet chagi)'', spinning hook kick ''(dwet hurya chagi)'', spinning axe kick, returning kick, and a number of other kicks of varying popularity.
*[[Jump Kicks]] ''(eidan chagi)'': There are also a number of kicks that involve jumping before their execution. These include jumping front kick ''(eidan ap chagi)'', jumping side kick ''(eidan yup chagi)'', flying side kick, jumping roundhouse ''(eidan doll rye chagi)'' (sometimes referred to as butterfly kick, although this term is at times used for a distinct kick separate from the jumping roundhouse), jumping spinning hook kick, shuffle jump kick, and jump spinning side kick.
 
Some Taekwondo instructors also incorporate the use of pressure points, known as Ji Ap Sul as well as grabbing self-defense techniques borrowed from other Korean arts, such as [[Hapkido]] and [[Yudo]].
 
:''See also: [[List of Taekwondo techniques]], [[Kick]]''
 
==Ranks, belts, and promotion==
 
Like many martial arts, taekwondo has ten student ranks (called a ''gup'', sometimes spelled ''geup'' or ''kup'') and nine or ten black belt ranks (''dan''). New students begin at 10<sup>th</sup> Gup (white belt) and advance down in number to 1<sup>st</sup> Gup (red belt). Some schools have an additional intermediate rank called ''cho dan bo'', meaning "black belt candidate" and sometimes abbreviated as ''dan bo''. After some prescribed amount of time has passed, the student takes a Dan test, after which the student becomes a 1<sup>st</sup> Dan.
 
Dan ranks then increase to a maximum of either 9<sup>th</sup> Dan ([[International Taekwondo Federation|ITF]]) or 10<sup>th</sup> Dan ([[Kukkiwon]]). Kukkiwon does not allow students under 16 to attain Dan ranks. Instead they earn ''Poom'' ranks, or "junior black belt". Underage students may earn up to 4<sup>th</sup> Poom, and all Poom ranks convert automatically to Dan ranks when the student comes of age and passes his or her next promotion<ref>[http://www.kukkiwon.or.kr/english/examination/examination08.jsp?div=01#08]Poom to Dan Conversion</ref>.
 
===Gup ranks and belt colors===
The colored belt system is an artifact of Japanese influence on Korea during the occupation, and thus ultimately from [[Jigaro Kano]], the founder of [[Judo]]. Some organizations' leaders, like [[Choi Hong Hi|General Choi]], assigned meanings to the various colors of the ranks<ref>[http://www.sulis.net/beltcolors.htm] Meaning of Belt Colors</ref>, representing the progression of a student from the snows of winter (white belt), through a cycle of the seasons representing the student's growth (yellow, green, blue, red), into the maturity of the black belt. The interpretation of the colors of the belt vary from school to school, and are sometimes omitted from instruction, as they did not have meaning when they were originally chosen. Neither the World Taekwondo Federation nor the Kukkiwon assign official meanings to the colors.
 
The correspondence of belt color to Gup varies drastically from school to school, and can even change within the same school over time. Belt colors are most useful in allowing students and instructors within a school to quickly determine rank. The traditional and most common rank-color correspondence found in both Kukkiwon and ITF schools<ref>[http://www.international-taekwondo.com/articles/The-Taekwondo-Belt-Ranking-System.html History of Belt Colors]</ref>:
 
<table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1>
<tr><th>Gup</th><th>Color</th></tr>
<tr><td>9<sup>th</sup></td><td>White Belt</td></tr>
<tr><td>8<sup>th</sup></td><td>Yellow Belt</td></tr>
<tr><td>7<sup>th</sup></td><td>''Varies''</td></tr>
<tr><td>6<sup>th</sup></td><td>Green Belt</td></tr>
<tr><td>5<sup>th</sup></td><td>''Varies''</td></tr>
<tr><td>4<sup>th</sup></td><td>Blue Belt</td></tr>
<tr><td>3<sup>rd</sup></td><td>''Varies''</td></tr>
<tr><td>2<sup>nd</sup></td><td>Red or Brown Belt</td></tr>
<tr><td>1<sup>th</sup></td><td>''Varies''</td></tr>
</table>
 
The method by which colors are assigned for intermediate belt rankings (odd-numbered Gups) is far less uniform. The two most most common approaches are to assigning a new color for each odd rank, such as a "Purple Belt" for 7<sup>th</sup> Gup, or to marking the increase of rank with a stripe on the belt.
 
There is little uniformity in the colors of the intermediate belts. A "purple belt" could mean 7<sup>th</sup> Gup in one school and 3<sup>rd</sup> Gup in another, and may not even exist in another. The use of stripes also varies. The stripe can be a thin lateral stripe at the end of the belt, or a long stripe that runs the length of the belt. Its color also varies, but a common method is to use the color of the next even-numbered Gup. A 7<sup>th</sup> Gup belt could be a yellow belt with a thin green stripe at the end, or a yellow belt with a long green stripe running its length<ref>[http://www.itatkd.com/promotegup.html] Example of intermediate striped belts</ref>. "Mixed" belts are also used, which contain the colors of both even-numbered Gups that the intermediate rank is between <ref>[http://www.martialartssupermarket.com/index.cfm?action=moreinfo&itemid=11702] Example of horizontally striped belts</ref>. Schools that use the thin lateral stripe sometimes mark it with nothing more than a piece of tape, which saves the student the expense of purchasing a new belt.
 
The typical even-numbered Gup colors are sometimes omitted completely for the sake of simplicity, particularly the green belt. For clarity, Taekwondo practitioners should always refer to their rank by number ("7<sup>th</sup> Gup") instead of by color ("Purple Belt").
 
The time required to advance in each Gup level also varies from school to school, but typical rates are quarterly or monthly. Not all students advance at each promotional testing, and students at advanced Gup ranks often wait one or more testing periods for their next promotion. Students with good attendance and strong aptitude may earn faster promotions than those with irregular attendence or effort. Gup rank advancement records are kept by the school of origin, and sometimes by the association headquarters.
 
===Dan belts===
 
The black belt system is more formal and standardized across the different schools of Taekwondo. Generally, a Dan black belt is either an unadorned black belt (the same for all ranks), or has a stripe across the tip for each rank (usually gold, silver, red or white). For example, a 5<sup>th</sup> Dan could have five lateral gold stripes across the end of the belt. Many black belts also have the name of the school on the right side of the belt, and the Taekwondo practitioner's name on the left. The names can be written in any language, though having the school's name in Korean and the practitioner's name in his native language is common. According to General Choi, "The reason for nine black belt degrees is that the number three is a powerful number in the orient, and therefore three threes must be the most powerful." The 10<sup>th</sup> Dan is a very rare rank, generally awarded posthumously only to persons who have made great contributions to Taekwondo. It should not be confused with the Honorary Dan. The Kukkiwon has only awarded four standard 10<sup>th<sup> Dans, all posthumously, to the following men: Byong Lo Lee, Chong Soo Hong, Il Sup Chun and Nam Suk Lee. The WTF has also awarded two "honorary" Kukkiwon <sup>10</sup>th Dans, both to individuals who were members of the [[IOC]]<ref>[http://www.wtf.org/site/news/wtf.htm?realnum=92&mode=view]WTF Awards Honorary Kukkiwon 10<sup>th</sup> Dan</ref>. The WTF, WTF Member National Associations and the Kukkiwon issue many honorary Dans to political and non-political persons who make a contribution to the growth of Taekwondo.
 
Generally speaking, one must wait one year per current Dan level to progress to the next level. For example, a 3<sup>rd</sup> Dan must wait three years before he can progress into 4<sup>th</sup> Dan. There can also be an requirement. For example, one must be at least 30 years old to qualify for 6<sup>th</sup> Dan in the Kukkiwon. The Kukkiwon allows shortened promotion times for exceptional accomplishments. For example, a practitioner who wins the World Championships is accorded a 80% discount on both the minimum time to advance and minimum age requirements<ref>[http://www.kukkiwon.or.kr/english/examination/examination08.jsp?div=01#17] Kukkiwon Shortened Time Requirements</ref>, up to a maxmimum promotion of 7<sup>th</sup> Dan.
 
For Kukkiwon practitioners, all ranks of 1<sup>st</sup> Dan and above must be registered with the Kukkiwon if the black belt wishes for his rank to be acknowledged at other [[dojo|dojangs]], or if he wishes to participate in the Olympics. A "wallet certificate," which looks like a photo identification card, is often carried by practitioners to prove their rank when they attend tournaments or transfer schools.
 
The Kukkikwon requires special promotion tests to advance to the 8<sup>th</sup> Dan and beyond. These tests must be taken at the Kukkiwon. For lower Dans in category 2 nations of the World Taekwondo Federation, tests can generally be administered by any Kukkikwon-certified black belt of at least 4<sup>th</sup> Dan who is also at least one Dan rank higher than the person testing. However, in category 1 nations, only the National Taekwondo Association of the WTF can apply to Kukkiwon for the Dan/Poom test.
 
===Dan titles===
 
For those who have passed the Sabum test at the Kukkiwon Academy, these are the official Sabum classifications:
 
*4<sup>th</sup> and 5<sup>th</sup> Dan "Sabum 3<sup>rd</sup> Class": Graduate of 3<sup>rd</sup> Class Course
*6<sup>th</sup> and 7<sup>th</sup> Dan "Sabum 2<sup>nd</sup> Class": Graduate of 2<sup>nd</sup> Class Course
*8<sup>th</sup> and 9<sup>th</sup> Dan "Sabum 1<sup>st</sup> Class": Graduate of 1<sup>st</sup> Class Course
 
Officially, the Kukkiwon recognizes the following titles for Dan ranks:
*1<sup>st</sup> Dan - 5<sup>th</sup> Dan: "Master"
*6<sup>th</sup> Dan - 9<sup>th</sup> Dan: "Grandmaster"
 
In America, the following is a typical system of how schools may assign titles to Dan ranks:
*1<sup>st</sup> Dan - 2<sup>nd</sup> Dan: "Assistant Instructor"
*3<sup>rd</sup> Dan - 4<sup>th</sup> Dan: "Instructor"
*5<sup>th</sup> Dan - 7<sup>th</sup> Dan: "Master"
*8<sup>th</sup> Dan - 10<sup>th</sup> Dan: "Grand Master"
 
"Assistant Instructor" and "Instructor" are unofficial rank titles, and although Dans holding these titles often help with instruction, this arranagement is independent of the Kukkiwon's official "Instructor" program in which one receives certified training in conducting Taekwondo classes. The certified instructor program (which must be taken before one can establish a new Taekwondo school in Korea), is only offered to practitioners who are certified 4<sup>th</sup> Dan and who have passed a week-long course held annually at the Kukkiwon<ref>[http://www.kukkiwon.or.kr/english/training/training04.jsp?div=04]Instructor training at the Kukkiwon</ref>.
 
ITF schools use a different standard ranking system:
*1<sup>st</sup> Dan - 3<sup>rd</sup> Dan: "Assistant Instructor"
*4<sup>th</sup> Dan - 6<sup>th</sup> Dan: "Instructor"
*7<sup>th</sup> Dan - 8<sup>th</sup> Dan: "Master"
*9<sup>th</sup> Dan: "Grand Master"
 
===Modes of address===
 
The word "master" carries a different connotation in Korean than it does in English, and American Taekwondo practitioners commonly misinterpret the term ''master'' to mean ''instructor''. A 1<sup>st</sup> Dan rarely refers to himself as a "Master" in English<ref>[http://www.taekwondo-4self-mastery.com/master.html]Explanation of Kukkiwon "Master" and "Grandmaster"</ref>, and would likely meet with disapproval if he did so.
 
In the United States, black belts at the Instructor level and lower are addressed as "Sir" and those of the Master level are called "Master". Dans of the Grand Master level are called "Grand Master" or "Grandmaster", often with their last name appended for additional formality ("Yes sir, Grandmaster Jeong!"). However, students who train directly with a Grandmaster would call normally use the address "Master". "Grandmaster" is a formal title that is only used at events or by students whose instructors are themselves students of the Grandmaster. In Korea, and the rest of the world, the word Sabum is used, as "Jeong Sabum" for Master or Grandmaster level.
 
==Olympic competition rules==
The sparring regulations of the WTF, adopted by the International Olympic Committee, emphasize full contact blows, allow knockout and other logistics of the Olympic sports. These rules are different from Taekwondo sparring based on poomsae technique, grabbing self-defense. There are over 18 different types of Taekwondo sparring.
 
[[Image:Armedforces_taekwondo.jpg|thumb|250px|Rachel Marcial of the US Armed Forces team (blue) competing in a Taekwondo match]]
 
The official, current WTF competition rules can be found at the WTF website.[http://www.wtf.org/site/rules/competition.htm]These rules govern many aspects of tournament sparring, summarized below:
*The Competition Area measures 10m x 10m.
* The contestant shall wear the trunk protector (''hogu''), head protector, groin guard, forearm guards, shin guards, and a mouthpiece.
*The duration of the contest is non-stop three rounds of two minutes each, with a one-minute rest period between rounds. In case of a tie score after the completion of the 3rd round, a 4th round of two minutes will be conducted as the sudden death overtime round.
*Permitted and prohibited techniques:
**Fist techniques are only allowed with a closed hand, and only with the leading part of the hand (no backhand or hammer techniques).
**Foot techniques are only allowed by using the parts of the foot below the ankle bone (no shin or knee techniques).
*Permitted areas
**Trunk: Full force attack by fist and foot techniques on the areas covered by the trunk protector are permitted. Attacks on the part of the back not covered by the trunk protector are permitted so long as they are not direct hits to the spine.
**Head: Full force, knock out attack to the head is only allowed by foot techniques. Attack to the back of the head is prohibited, as are all hand techniques to the head.
*Points are awarded when permitted techniques deliver full force, abrupt displacement and trembling shock to the legal scoring areas of the body. Points may be awarded by judges for a successful technique as follows:
**One point for attack on trunk protector.
**Two points for attack on the head.
**One point if a punch is thrown and stops the opponent in their tracks.
**One additional point if the opponent is knocked down and the referee counts.
**Declared winner if knock-out of the opponent with foot kicking to the legal area of head and face.
*Deduction of points. Two types of penalties may be assigned for prohibited acts, "Kyonggo" (warning penalty) and "Gamjom" (deduction penalty). Two "Kyonggos" deduct one point, rounded down (an odd "Kyonggo" is not counted in the grand total), and a "Gamjom" deducts one full point. When a contestant has been deducted four points, the referee shall declare him/her loser by penalties.
**"Kyonggo" penalties include: evading by turning the back to the opponent; falling down; avoiding/stalling the match; grabbing, holding, or pushing; attacking below the waist; pretending injury; butting or attacking with knee; hitting the opponent’s face with the hand.
**"Gamjom" penalties include: attacking the opponent when the round is stopped; attacking a fallen opponent; intentionally attacking the opponent’s face with the hand
*In the event of a tied score after the sudden death round, the judging officials decide the match based on the initiative shown during the final round.
 
==Media depiction==
Despite martial arts movies being seemingly dominated by [[Chinese martial arts]], Taekwondo is actually one of the more popular martial arts employed in film. This has a lot to do with impressive kicking techniques used in Taekwondo. Additionally, many kicks utilized by [[Tony Jaa]], star of the [[Muay Thai]] film [[Ong-Bak: Muay Thai Warrior|Ong Bak]] are actually Taekwondo kicks. One example is the 540 kick, which is not a Muay Thai style kick.
 
Among Hollywood films, one of the best depictions of Taekwondo can be found in the film [[Best of the Best]] and the sequels, although the art is referred to as Karate throughout.
Possibly the most famous superkickers of martial arts cinema (e.g. [[Hwang Jang-Lee]]) are practitioners of Taekwondo. Hwang and many other Korean Taekwondo practitioners have been in [[Jackie Chan]] and [[Bruce Lee]] films. Taekwondo is also seen in [[Chuck Norris]] and [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]] movies, as well as many Hong Kong action films.
 
Also, in the Playstation game starting from "Tekken 3" the character of "Hwoarang" can be seen doing sections of patterns from ITF Taekwondo, such as Won-Hyo Tul and Hwa-Rang Tul.
 
In [[Mortal Kombat: Deception]], the character [[Nightwolf]] uses Tae Kwon Do as one of his fighting styles.-->
 
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 228 ⟶ 24:
== Pranala luar ==
{{wiktionary}}
*{{id}} [http://www.taekwondo-indonesia.com/ Pengurus Besar Taekwondo Indonesia]
 
WTF:
* [http://wtf.org/ Official site of the WTF] World Taekwondo Federation (WTF)
* [http://www.kukkiwon.or.kr/ Kukkiwon] World Taekwondo Headquarters
* [http://www.usa-taekwondo.us/ USA Taekwondo]
* [http://www.etutaekwondo.org/ ETU] European Taekwondo Union
* [http://www.btcb.org.uk BTCB] British Taekwondo Control Board (WTF)
* [http://www.chungdo.org Chungdokwan UK] (WTF)
 
ITF:
*http://www.martialedge.co.uk / Online Martial Arts Magazine
* Official Sites of International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF): [http://www.itf-admin.com/ Site 1], [http://www.tkd-itf.org/ Site 2], [http://www.internationaltaekwon-dofederation.com/ Site 3]
* [http://www.itfeurope.org All Europe Taekwon-Do Federation] Official website of the AETF
* [http://www.itfnz.org.nz/ ITF New Zealand] Official ITF New Zealand website.
* [http://www.itftaekwondo.com/ ITF Taekwondo in Australia] Resource index for Taekwondo practitioners in Australia.
* [http://www.tagb.biz/ TAGB] Taekwondo Association of Great Britain
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/korea/article/0,2763,771475,00.html Obituary of General Choi Hong Hi] from the UK Guardian
* [http://www.taekwondo.edu.sg/encyclopedia.htm General Choi's "Encyclopedia of Taekwondo"]
* All 24 diagrams of [http://www.jenningscc.com/TaeKwonDo/Forms.htm ITF-style Forms]
Baris 249 ⟶ 38:
[[International Taekwondo Alliance | ITA]]:
* [http://www.tkd.org/ The Official Site of the ITA] International Taekwondo Alliance (ITA)
 
ATA:
* [http://www.ataonline.com Official site of the American Taekwondo Association]
 
Umum:
Baris 266 ⟶ 52:
* [http://www.tkdtutor.com/ TKDTutor] General tips and info about Taekwondo including breaking, patterns, sparing and other Taekwondo resources. Also has some relevance to other styles of martial arts.
 
{{olahraga-stub}}
== Rujukan ==
<references/>
 
[[Kategori:Seni bela diri Korea]]
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Taekwondo"