Rainer Maria Rilke: Perbedaan antara revisi
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| birth_place = [[Praha]], [[Bohemia]], [[Austria-Hungaria]] (sekarang [[Republik Ceko]])
| death_date = [[29 Desember]] [[1926]]
| death_place = Sanatorium Valmont di [[
| occupation = [[Penyair]]
| nationality = [[Austria]]
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'''Rainer Maria Rilke''' ([[4 Desember]] [[1875]] – [[29 Desember]] [[1926]]) dianggap penyair [[bahasa Jerman]] terbesar dari [[abad 20]]. Karyanya yang terkenal antara lain ''[[Sonnets to Orpheus]]'', ''[[Duino Elegies]]'', ''[[Letters to a Young Poet]]'', dan ''[[The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge]]''. Ia juga menulis lebih dari 400 puisi dalam [[bahasa Perancis]], didedikasikan untuk tempat tinggal pilihannya, [[kanton di
== Kehidupan ==
=== 1875-1896 ===
Ia dilahirkan dengan nama René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke di [[Praha]], [[Bohemia]] (saat itu merupakan wilayah [[Austria-Hongaria]], kini [[Ceko]]). Masa kanak-kanak dan remajanya di Praha tidak bahagia. Ayahnya, Josef Rilke (1838-1906), menjadi pegawai kereta api setelah gagal berkarier sebagai militer. Ibunya, Sophie ("Phia") Entz (1851-1931), berasal dari sebuah keluarga kaya pemilik pabrik di Praha, keluarga Entz-Kinzelberger, yang tinggal di sebuah istana di Herrengasse (Panská) 8, tempat René juga melewati sebagian besar masa kanak-kanaknya. Perkawinan orangtuanya berantakan pada 1884. Hubungan antara Phia dengan anak lelaki satu-satunya pun terganggu karena dukacitanya yang panjang untuk anak perempuannya, kakak Rene. Setelah itu, ia memaksa René untuk mengambil peranan kakaknya, termasuk mendandaninya dengan pakaian perempuan ketika ia masih muda.[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/lifeofapoet.htm]
Orang tuanya memaksa anak remaja yang berbakat seni dan puitis ini untuk masuk ke akademi militer. Ia menjalaninya dari 1886 hingga 1891, dan keluar karena sakit. Dari 1892 hingga 1895 ia dipersiapkan untuk menempuh ujian masuk universitas yang dilewatinya pada 1895. Pada 1895 dan 1896, ia belajar sastra, sejarah seni, dan filsafat di Praha dan [[München]].
=== 1897-1902 ===
Pada 1897 di München, Rainer Maria Rilke berjumpa dan jatuh cinta dengan seorang pengarang dan intelektual yang banyak mengunjungi tempat-tempat lain, [[Lou Andreas-Salome]] (1861-1937). (Rilke mengubah nama kecilnya dari "René" menjadi Rainer yang kedengaran lebih maskulin atas saran Lou.) Hubungannya yang intensif dengan perempuan yang sudah menikah ini, yang pernah diajaknya dua kali melakukan perjalanan panjang ke Rusia, berlangsung hingga 1900. Tetapi bahkan setelah berpisah, Lou tetap menjadi orang kepercayaan terpenting Rilke hingga akhir hayatnya. Kaerna Lou pernah belajar dari 1912 hingga 1913 sebagai [[psikoanalisis|psikoanalis]] dengan [[Sigmund Freud]], ia membagi pengetahuannya tentang bidang ilmu ini dengan Rilke.
<!--In 1898, Rilke undertook a journey lasting several weeks to [[Italy]]. In 1899, he travelled with Lou and her husband, Friedrich Andreas, to [[Moscow]] where he met the novelist [[Leo Tolstoy]]. Between May and August 1900, a second journey to Russia, accompanied only by Lou, again took him to Moscow and [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], where he met the family of [[Boris Pasternak]] and [[Spiridon Drozhzhin]], a peasant poet. Later, "Rilke called two places his home: Bohemia and Russia".<ref>Anna A. Tavis. ''Rilke's Russia: A Cultural Encounter''. Northwestern University Press, 1997. ISBN 0810114666. Page 1.</ref>
In autumn 1900, Rilke stayed in [[Worpswede]], where he got to know the sculptress [[Clara Westhoff]] (1878-1954), whom he married the following spring. Their daughter Ruth (1901-1972) was born in December 1901. However, Rilke was not one for a middle-class family life; in the summer of 1902, Rilke left home and travelled to [[Paris]] to write a monograph on the sculptor [[Auguste Rodin]] (1840-1917). Still, the relationship between Rilke and Clara Westhoff continued for the rest of his life.
=== 1902-1910 ===
At first, Rilke had a difficult time in Paris, an experience that he called on in the first part of his only novel, ''[[The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge]]''. At the same time, his encounter with modernism was very stimulating: Rilke became deeply involved in the sculpture of Rodin, and then with the work of [[Paul Cézanne]]. For a time he acted as Rodin's amanuensis, eventually writing a long essay on Rodin and his work. Rodin taught him the value of objective observation, which led to Rilke's ''Dinggedichten'' ("thing-poems"), a famous example of this is "[http://rainer-maria-rilke.de/080027panther.html Der Panther]" ("The Panther"). During these years, Paris increasingly became the writer's main residence.
The most important works of the Paris period were ''Neue Gedichte'' (''New Poems'') (1907), ''Der Neuen Gedichte Anderer Teil'' (''Another Part of the New Poems'') (1908), the two "Requiem" poems (1909), and the novel ''The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge'', started in 1904 and completed in January 1910.
=== 1910-1919 ===
Between October 1911 and May 1912, Rilke stayed at the Castle [[Duino]], near [[Trieste]], home of Countess Marie of [[Thurn and Taxis]]. There, in 1912, he began the poem cycle called the ''Duino Elegies'', which would remain unfinished for a decade due to a long-lasting creativity crisis.
The outbreak of [[World War I]] surprised Rilke during a stay in Germany. He was unable to return to Paris, where his property was confiscated and auctioned. He spent the greater part of the war in Munich. From 1914 to 1916 he had a turbulent affair with the painter [[Lou Albert-Lasard]].
Rilke was called up at the beginning of 1916, and he had to undertake basic training in Vienna. Influential friends interceded on his behalf, and he was transferred to the War Records Office and discharged from the military on [[June 9]], [[1916]]. He spent the subsequent time once again in Munich, interrupted by a stay on [[Hertha Koenig]]'s Gut Bockel in Westphalia. The traumatic experience of military service, a reminder of the horrors of the military academy, almost completely silenced him as a poet.
=== 1919-1926 ===
On [[June 11]], [[1919]], Rilke traveled from Munich to [[Switzerland]]. The outward motive was an invitation to lecture in Zürich, but the real reason was the wish to escape the post-war chaos and take up once again his work on the ''Duino Elegies''. The search for a suitable and affordable place to live proved to be very difficult. Among other places, Rilke lived in Soglio, [[Locarno]], and Berg am Irchel. Only in the summer of 1921 was he able to find a permanent residence in the Chateau de Muzot, close to [[Sierre]] in Valais. In May 1922, Rilke's patron Werner Reinhart purchased the building so that Rilke could live there rent-free.
In an intense creative period, Rilke completed the ''Duino Elegies'' within several weeks in February 1922. Before and after, he wrote both parts of the poem cycle ''[[Sonnets to Orpheus]]''. Both are among the high points of Rilke's work.
From 1923 on, Rilke increasingly had to struggle with health problems that necessitated many long stays at a [[sanatorium]] in [[Territet]], near [[Montreux]], on [[Lake Geneva]]. His long stay in Paris between January and August 1925 was an attempt to escape his illness through a change in location and living conditions. Despite this, numerous important individual poems appeared in the years 1923-1926 (including ''Gong'' and ''Mausoleum''), as well as a comprehensive lyrical work in French.
Only shortly before his death was Rilke's illness diagnosed as [[leukemia]]. The poet died on [[29 December]] [[1926]] in the Valmont Sanatorium in Switzerland, and was laid to rest on [[2 January]] [[1927]] in the Raron cemetery to the west of [[Visp]]. He chose his own epitaph:
<blockquote>
''Rose, oh reiner Widerspruch, Lust,''<br>
''Niemandes Schlaf zu sein unter soviel''<br>
''Lidern.''
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
''Rose, oh pure contradiction, joy''<br>
''of being No-one's sleep, under so''<br>
''many lids.''
</blockquote>
== Rilke's influence ==
* German philosopher [[Martin Heidegger]] cites Rilke as an example of the highest form of thinker in his essay "What Are Poets For?" The essay's theme is largely explored through the examination of an "improvised verse" (short poem) Rilke wrote in 1924. Heidegger, sometimes considered the most influential German thinker of the 20th century, ranks Rilke in the German poetic tradition as second only to [[Holderlin]].
* The Rilke Project involves contemporary pop artists and actors (including [[Xavier Naidoo]], BAP, [[Jürgen Prochnow]], and Katja Riemann) interpreting Rilke's texts to make Rilke accessible to new generations.
===Literature===
Rilke has also been celebrated in [[Thomas Pynchon]]'s ''[[Gravity's Rainbow]]'' and [[William Gaddis]]' voluminous novel ''[[The Recognitions]]'', and is referred to in [[Julia Alvarez]]'s novel ''How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents''. [[J.D. Salinger]] alludes to Rilke in various works, including ''[[Franny and Zooey]]''. [[Audrey Niffenegger]] mentions and quotes from Rilke frequently in ''[[The Time Traveler's Wife]]''.
A Rilke translation inspired ''[[Lost in Translation (poem)|Lost in Translation]]'', a celebrated 1974 poem by [[James Merrill]]. [[Jo Shapcott]]'s collection of poems, ''Tender Taxes'', is based on a series of Rilke's poems written in French.
Rilke's poetry highly influenced the life and writings of [[Etty Hillesum]]. The [[Iran]]ian modernist writer [[Sadegh Hedayat]] was deeply moved by Rilke's meditations on death. -->
==Bibliografi==
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