|
Keesokan harinya pagi-pagi Abraham mengambil roti serta sekirbat air dan memberikannya kepada Hagar. Ia meletakkan itu beserta anaknya di atas bahu Hagar, kemudian disuruhnyalah perempuan itu pergi. Maka pergilah Hagar dan mengembara di padang gurun Bersyeba. Ketika air yang dikirbat itu habis, dibuangnyalah anak itu ke bawah semak-semak, dan ia duduk agak jauh, kira-kira sepemanah jauhnya, sebab katanya: "Tidak tahan aku melihat anak itu mati." Sedang ia duduk di situ, menangislah ia dengan suara nyaring. Allah mendengar suara anak itu, lalu Malaikat Allah berseru dari langit kepada Hagar, kata-Nya kepadanya: "Apakah yang engkau susahkan, Hagar? Janganlah takut, sebab Allah telah mendengar suara anak itu dari tempat ia terbaring. Bangunlah, angkatlah anak itu, dan bimbinglah dia, sebab Aku akan membuat dia menjadi bangsa yang besar." Lalu Allah membuka mata Hagar, sehingga ia melihat sebuah sumur; ia pergi mengisi kirbatnya dengan air, kemudian diberinya anak itu minum. <ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 21:14-19}}</ref>
Pada usia 14 tahun, Ismael bersama ibunya dilepaskan dari status hamba dan menjadi orang merdeka. Menurut hukum Mesopotamia, dengan kemerdekaan itu mereka tidak bisa menuntut hak waris dari Abraham dan Sara.<ref name="Catholic1913">[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ismael|''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1913)]]</ref>
Allah menyertai anak itu, sehingga ia bertambah besar; ia menetap di padang gurun dan menjadi seorang pemanah. Maka tinggallah ia di padang gurun Paran, dan ibunya mengambil seorang isteri baginya dari tanah Mesir.<ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 21:20-21}}</ref>
==Menguburkan Abraham==
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Abraham mencapai umur 175 tahun, lalu ia meninggal, pada waktu telah putih rambutnya, tua dan suntuk umur, maka ia dikumpulkan kepada kaum leluhurnya. Anak-anaknya, Ishak dan Ismael, menguburkan dia dalam gua Makhpela, di padang Efron bin Zohar, orang Het itu, padang yang letaknya di sebelah timur Mamre, yang telah dibeli Abraham dari bani Het; di sanalah terkubur Abraham dan Sara isterinya.<ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 25:9-10}}</ref>
==Keturunan==
[[File:Hagar and Ishmael in desert (Grigoriy Ugryumov).jpg|thumb| Hagar dan Ishmael di padang gurun, lukisan Grigoriy Ugrumov (~1785)]]
Ismael mempunyai 12 putra yang kemudian menjadi 12 orang raja, masing-masing dengan sukunya, mendiami daerah dari Hawila sampai Syur, yang letaknya di sebelah timur Mesir ke arah Asyur. Mereka menetap berhadapan dengan semua saudara mereka.<ref name="JewishEnc">[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=277&letter=I&search=Ishmael "Ishmael"], ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''</ref> Nama putra-putra Ismael, disebutkan menurut urutan lahirnya:<ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 25:12-16}}</ref><br>
#Nebayot, anak sulung Ismael
#Kedar
#Adbeel
#Mibsam
#Misyma
#Duma
#Masa
#Hadad
#Tema
#Yetur
#Nafish
#Kedma
Salah satu putrinya: Mahalat atau Basmat menjadi istri ke-3 [[Esau]] anak [[Ishak]].<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=386&letter=B&search=Mahalath "Mahalath"], ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''</ref><ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 28:9}}; {{Alkitab|Kejadian 36:3}}</ref>
===Inheritance rights===
{{See also|Isaac#Hebrew Bible|l1=Account of Isaac in the Hebrew Bible}}
On the day of feasting during which Abraham celebrated the weaning of Isaac, Ishmael was, “mocking” or "playing with" Isaac (the Hebrew word is ambiguous<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=53&letter=H&search=Hagar "Hagar"], ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''</ref>)<ref name="Catholic1913">[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ismael|''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1913)]]</ref> and Sarah asked Abraham to expel Ishmael and his mother, saying: "Get rid of that slave woman and her son, for that slave woman's son will never share in the inheritance with my son Isaac."<ref name="Britannica"/><ref>{{bibleverse||Genesis|25:2-6|NIV}}</ref> This proposition was grievous to Abraham due to his great love for his son Ishmael. Abraham only agreed when God told him that it was through Isaac that Abraham's offspring would "be reckoned", and that He would "make Ishmael into a nation" too, since he was a descendant of Abraham. ({{bibleverse||Genesis|21:11-13|NIV}})
[[File:Hagar and Ishmael in desert (Grigoriy Ugryumov).jpg|thumb|'''Hagar and Ishmael in the Desert'', by Grigoriy Ugrumov (c. 1785)]]
At the age of 14, Ishmael became a free man along with his mother. Under Mesopotamian law, their freedom enjoined them from laying claim to any inheritance that Abraham and Sarah had. The Lord’s covenant also made clear Ishmael was not to inherit Abraham’s house and that Isaac would be the instrument of the covenant. Ishmael's father gave him and his mother a supply of bread and water and sent them away. Hagar strayed in the wilderness of Beer-sheba where the two soon ran out of water and Hagar, not wanting to witness the death of her son, set the boy some distance away from herself, and wept. "And God heard the voice of the lad" and sent his angel to tell Hagar, "Arise, lift up the lad, and hold him in thine hand; for I will make him a great nation." And God "opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water", from which she drew to save Ishmael's life and her own. "And God was with the lad; and he grew, and dwelt in the wilderness, and became an archer." ({{Bibleverse||Genesis|21:14-21|HE}})
===Descendants===
After roaming the wilderness for some time, Ishmael and his mother settled in the [[Desert of Paran]], where he became an expert in [[archery]]. Eventually, his mother found him a wife from the land of [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]].<ref>{{bibleverse||Genesis|21:17-21|NIV}}</ref> They had 12 sons who became 12 tribal chiefs throughout the regions from [[Havilah]] to [[Shur (Bible)|Shur]] (from [[Assyria]] to the border of [[Egypt]]).<ref name="JewishEnc">[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=277&letter=I&search=Ishmael "Ishmael"], ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''</ref> His children are listed as follows:<ref>{{Bibleverse||Genesis|25:12-18|HE}}</ref>
#[[Nebaioth]]
#[[Qedar|Kedar]], father of the [[Qedarite]]s, (A northern Arab tribe that controlled the region between the Persian Gulf and the Sinai Peninsula). According to tradition, ancestor of [[Muhammad]] and the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] tribe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of the Bible: Including Biography, Natural History, Geography, Topography, Archæology, and Literature|url=http://bluehost.levendwater.org/books/Schaff%20A%20Dictionary%20of%20the%20Bible/index.htm|year=1880|publisher=[[American Missionary Fellowship|American Sunday-School Union]]|location=Philadelphia|page=494 [p. 502 on-line]|editor-first=Philip|editor-last=Schaff|editor-link=Philip Schaff|separator=,|postscript=|accessdate=April 23, 2011}}</ref>
#[[Adbeel]], established a tribe in northwest [[Arabia]].
#[[Mibsam]]
#Mishma
#[[Dumah (son of Ishmael)|Dumah]], associated with ''Adummatu'' described as "a fortress of Arabia" in [[Saudi Arabia]].
#[[List of minor Biblical figures#Massa|Massa]], father of a nomadic tribe that inhabited the Arabian desert toward [[Babylonia]].
#[[Hadad (Bible)|Hadad]]
#[[Tema (Son of Ishmael)|Tema]]
#[[Jetur (Son of Ishmael)|Jetur]]
#Naphish
#Kedemah
Daughter:
#[[Mahalath]] or [[Basemath]], the third wife of [[Esau]].<ref>[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=386&letter=B&search=Mahalath "Mahalath"], ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''</ref>
Ishmael also appeared with Isaac at the burial of Abraham.<ref>{{bibleverse|Genesis|25:9|NIV}}</ref> Ishmael died at the age of 137.<ref>{{bibleverse||Genesis|25:17|NIV}}</ref>
==Deuterocanonical references==
The book of [[Jubilees]] places the location and identity of the Ishmaelites as the Arab peoples residing in Arab territories. This is the current view for the majority of the Christian, Islamic and Jewish faiths, though according to Biblical accounts the Arab people traditionally have had long-standing alliances with the descendants of the Assyrians and the Medes. Furthermore, the Arab populations in modernity represent many nations rather than one nation as specified biblically; genetic and historical evidence indicates that (for instance) the Arabs of [[Lebanon]] are the descendants of the [[Phoenicians]] (the Biblical Canaanites) and that the Arabs of Palestine, Syria, and Jordan are descended from Canaanites, Aramaeans, and even Hebrews.
==World views==
[[Historian]]s and academics in the fields of [[linguistics]] and [[source criticism]] believe that the stories of Ishmael belong to the three strata of J, or [[Jahwist|Yahwist source]], the P, or [[Priestly source]], and the E, or [[Elohist source]] (See [[Documentary hypothesis]]).<ref name="Catholic1913"/> For example, The narration in {{niv|Genesis|16|Genesis 16}} is of J type and the narration in {{niv|Genesis|21:8-21|Genesis 21:8-21}} is of E type.<ref>S. Nikaido(2001), p.1</ref>
Islamic traditions consider Ishmael to be the ancestor of [[Arab]] people,<ref name="EoR-Ishmael"/> excluding Arabs who are descendants of Ya'rub. Arabs who are from Ishmael-descendant tribes are occasionally referred to as "Arabized-Arabs" to highlight their ancestry. The Prophet Muhammad was of these Arabs. However, many modern Arabs also believe their tribes and houses to be of [[Isaac]]'s blood line, in particular in Southern Palestine.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}
Jewish traditions are split between those, like [[Josephus]], who consider Ishmael the ancestor of the Arabs,<ref>Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book I, Ch. 12; 2, 4</ref> and those, like [[Maimonides]], who believe that the northern Arabs are descended from the sons of [[Keturah]], whom Abraham married after Sarah's death.<ref>[http://www.yctorah.org/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_view/gid,701/ "Maimonides' 'True Religion': For Jews or All Humanity?", Menachem Kellner, in ''Meorot'' 7:1 (2008) p.5, n.21]</ref>
===Jewish views===
{{see also|Isaac#Jewish traditions|l1=Isaac in Jewish traditions}}
[[Judaism]] has generally viewed Ishmael as wicked though repentant (Whereas Christianity omits any reference to repentance which is sourced in the [[Talmud]]ic explanation of the [[Bible]] <ref>http://www.chiefrabbi.org/UploadedFiles/thoughts/kitetse5767.pdf</ref>).<ref name="EoR-Ishmael"/> Judaism maintains that [[Isaac]] rather than Ishmael was the true heir of Abraham.<ref name="Britannica"/>
In some Rabbinic traditions Ishmael is said to have had two wives; one of them named Aisha. This name corresponds to the Muslim tradition for the name of Muhammad's wife.<ref name="EoR-Ishmael"/> This is understood as a metaphoric representation of the Muslim world (first Arabs and then Turks) with Ishmael.<ref>Shalom Paul in The [[Oxford English Dictionary|Oxford Dictionary]] of Jewish Religion, p.358</ref>
The name of an important 2nd Century CE sage—[[Ishmael ben Elisha]], known as "[[Rabbi Ishmael]]" (רבי ישמעאל), one of the [[Tannaim]]—indicates that the Bibilical Ishmael enjoyed a positive image among Jews of the time.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}
Rabbinical commentators in the [[Midrash]] [[Genesis Rabbah]] also say that Ishmael's mother Hagar was the Pharaoh's daughter, thereby making Ishmael the grandson of the Pharaoh. This could be why Genesis 17:20 refers to Ishmael as the father of 12 mighty princes. According to Genesis 21:21, Hagar married Ishmael to an Egyptian woman, and if Rabbinical commentators are correct about Hagar being the daughter of the Pharaoh, his marriage to a woman selected by the Pharaoh's daughter could explain how and why his sons became princes.
==Meninggal==
However, according to other Jewish commentators, Ishmael's mother Hagar is identified with [[Keturah]], the woman Abraham married after the death of Sarah, stating that Abraham sought her out after Sarah's death. It is suggested that Keturah was Hagar's personal name, and that "Hagar" was a descriptive label meaning "stranger".<ref>[http://www.chabad.org/parshah/article_cdo/aid/2636/jewish/The-Return-of-Hagar.htm "The Return of Hagar"], commentary on [[Parshah|Parshat]] [[Chayei Sarah]], [[Chabad Lubavitch]].</ref><ref>[http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/eng/chaye/sha.html "Who Was Ketura?"], [[Bar-Ilan University]]'s Parashat Hashavua Study Center, 2003.</ref><ref>[http://www.ou.org/torah/ti/5763/chayeisara63.htm "Parshat Chayei Sarah"], ''Torah Insights,'' [[Orthodox Union]], 2002.</ref> This interpretation is discussed in the [[Midrash]]<ref>[[Bereshit Rabbah]] 61:4.</ref> and is supported by [[Rashi]], [[Judah Loew ben Bezalel|Gur Aryeh]], [[Keli Yakar]], and [[Obadiah of Bertinoro]]. Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Itzhaki) argues that "Keturah" was a name given to Hagar because her deeds were as beautiful as incense (hence: ''ketores''), and/or that she remained chaste from the time she was separated from Abraham—''keturah'' [ קְטוּרָה ''Q'turah'' ] derives from the [[Aramaic]] word for ''restrained''.
Umur Ismael ialah 137 tahun. Sesudah itu ia meninggal. Ia mati dan dikumpulkan kepada kaum leluhurnya.<ref>{{Alkitab|Kejadian 25:17}}</ref>
It is also said that Sarah was motivated by Ishmael's sexually frivolous ways because of the reference to his "making merry" (Gen. 21:9), a translation of the Hebrew word "Mitzachek". This was developed into a reference to idolatry, sexual immorality or even murder; some rabbinic sources claim that Sarah worried that Ishmael would negatively influence Isaac, or that he would demand Isaac's inheritance on the grounds of being the firstborn. Others take a more positive view, emphasizing Hagar's piety, noting that she was "the one who had sat by the well and besought him who is the life of the worlds, saying 'look upon my misery'".<ref name="dict">Jeffrey, David L., ''A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1992, p. 326 ISBN 0-8028-3634-8</ref>
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===Islamic view===
{{See also|Hagar (Bible)#Hagar in Islamic traditions|l1=Hagar in Islamic traditions}}
'''Ishmael''' ({{lang-ar|إسماعيل}} ''Ismā'īl'') is recognized as an important [[Prophets of Islam|prophet]] and [[patriarch]] of [[Islam]]. [[Muslim]]s believe that Ishmael was the firstborn of [[Abraham]], born to him from his second wife [[Hagar]]. Ishmael is recognized by Muslims as the ancestor of several prominent [[Arab]] [[Tribes of Arabia|tribes]] and being the forefather of [[Muhammad]].<ref name="autogenerated1">''A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', Wheeler, ''Ishmael''</ref> Muslims also believe that Muhammad was the descendant of Ishmael that would establish a great nation, as promised by [[God in Abrahamic religions|God]] in the [[Old Testament]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A Muslim primer: beginner's guide to Islam, Volume 2|last=Zeep|first=Ira G.|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|year=2000|isbn=9781557285959|page=5}}</ref> {{cquote|And as for Ishmael, I have heard you: I will surely bless him; I will make him fruitful and will greatly increase his numbers. He will be the father of 12 rulers, and I will make them into a great nation.|||[http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0117.htm#20 Genesis 17:20]}}
==Orang-orang Arab==
====Ishmael in the Qur'an====
[[Kitab Yobel]] menempatkan tempat tinggal dan identitas keturunan Ismael sebagai bangsa Arab yang tinggal di tanah Arab. Pandangan ini dianut pada umumnya oleh orang-orang [[Yahudi]], [[Kristen]] dan [[Islam]]. Namun menurut [[Alkitab]] keturunan Ismael kemudian mempunyai hubungan campuran dengan orang-orang Asyur dan Media. Bangsa Arab sekarang ini dianggap kumpulan berbagai suku-suku bangsa dari keturunan berbeda, bukan dari satu keturunan saja. Contohnya, orang-orang Arab Libanon adalah keturunan [[Fenisia]], sedangkan orang-orang Arab di Palestina, Suriah dan Yordania adalah keturunan bangsa-bangsa Kanaan, Aram dan juga Israel. Banyak orang-orang Arab modern percaya bahwa suku mereka mempunyai garis keturunan Ishak, terutama di Palestina selatan.
Ishmael is mentioned over ten times in the [[Qur'an]], often alongside other [[patriarch]]s and [[prophet]]s of ancient times. In XIX: 54, the Qur'an says: "And make mention in the Scripture of Ishmael. He was a keeper of his promise, and he was a messenger, a prophet. He enjoined upon his people worship and almsgiving, and was most acceptable in the sight of his Lord." Later on, in XXXVIII: 48, Ishmael is mentioned together with [[Elisha]] and [[Dhul-Kifl]] as one of "the patiently enduring and righteous, whom God caused to enter into his mercy." It is also said of [[Islamic view of Lot|Lot]], Elisha, [[Jonah]] and Ishmael, that God gave each one "preference above the worlds" (VI: 86). These reference to Ishmael are, in each case, part of a larger context in which other holy prophets are mentioned. In other chapters of the Qur'an, however, which date from the [[Medinan sura|Medina period]], Ishmael is mentioned closely with his father [[Abraham]]: Ishmael stands alongside Abraham in their attempt to set up the [[Kaaba]] in [[Mecca]] as a place of monotheistic pilgrimage (II: 127-129) and Abraham thanks [[God]] for granting him Ishmael and [[Isaac]] in his old age (XIV: 35-41). Ishmael is further mentioned alongside the patriarchs who had been given revelations (II: 136) and [[Jacob]]'s sons promise to follow the faith of their forefathers, "Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac", when testifying their faith (II: 133). In the narrative of the near-sacrifice of Abraham's son (XXXVII: 100-107), the son is not named and, although the general interpretation is that it was Ishmael, [[Tabari]]<ref>"Isaac", ''Encyclopedia of Islam'', volume 4</ref> maintained that it was Isaac. Most modern commentators, however, regard the son's identification as least important in a narrative which is given for its moral lesson.<ref>Glasse, C., "Ishmael", ''Concise Encyclopedia of Islam''</ref>
==Pandangan [[Islam]]==
====Ishmael in Muslim literature====
{{main|Isma'il}}
The commentaries on the [[Qur'an]] and the numerous collections of ''[[Stories of the Prophets]]'' flesh out the Islamic perspective of Ishmael and detail his integral part in setting up the [[Kaaba]]. According to [[Muslim]] [[tradition]], Ishmael was buried in [[Al-Hijr]], inside the [[Sacred Mosque]].<ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam'' Volume 4, ''Ismail''</ref>
'''Isma'il''' ({{lang-ar|إسماعيل}} ''Ismā'īl'') dikenal sebagai salah satu nabi dan bapa leluhur orang-orang Islam.
Tradisi Islam menganggap Ismael sebagai leluhur bangsa Arab, tetapi bukan orang-orang Arab yang adalah keturunan Ya'rub. Bangsa Arab keturunan Ismael biasanya disebut "''Arabized-Arabs''". Nabi [[Muhammad]] termasuk bangsa ini.<ref name="autogenerated1">''A-Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism'', Wheeler, ''Ishmael''</ref>
Di dalam [[Al Quran]], Isma'il disebutkan 10 kali, kebanyak bersama leluhur dan nabi-nabi zaman dahulu. Dalam cerita pengorbanan putra [[Abraham]], nama putra ini di dalam [[Al Quran]] tidak disebutkan. Kebanyakan orang Islam menafsirkan sebagai Isma'il, meskipun [[Tabari]]<ref>"Isaac", ''Encyclopedia of Islam'', volume 4</ref> menulis bahwa putra ini adalah Ishak. Kebanyakan komentator modern menganggap identitas putra itu tidak penting, karena yang dipentingkan adalah ajaran moralnya.<ref>Glasse, C., "Ishmael", ''Concise Encyclopedia of Islam''</ref>
Dalam berbagai komentari [[Al Quran]] dan sejumlah koleksi cerita nabi, Isma'il mempunyai peran besar dalam mendirikan [[Kaabah]]. Menurut tradisi Islam, Isma'il dikuburkan di [[Al-Hijr]], di dalam [[Mesjid Suci]].<ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam'' Volume 4, ''Ismail''</ref>
In [[Islamic theology|Islamic belief]], Abraham had prayed to [[God]] for a son and God heard his prayer. [[Muslim]] [[exegesis]] states that [[Sarah]] asked Abraham to marry her [[Egypt]]ian [[handmaiden]] [[Hagar]] because she herself was barren.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> Hagar soon bore Ishmael, who was the first son of Abraham. After Sarah gave birth to her own son, [[Isaac]], tension arose between the two women. According to [[exegesis]], [[God]] told Abraham to listen to Sarah, who said that both Hagar and Ishmael should be taken out of their household and into the desert.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> In [[Islamic]] [[tradition]], Abraham took Hagar and Ishmael to the desert himself, where he left them and returned to his household. In the desert, the young Ishmael cried with thirst.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> His mother searched for water, which resulted in her running seven times between the [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Safa and Marwah]] hills, before God helped them by making spring water gush forth from the [[Zamzam well]], so both mother and son could rejuvenate themselves. To commemorate the bravery of Hagar and Ishmael, Muslims run between the [[Al-Safa and Al-Marwah|Safa and Marwah]] hills during [[Hajj]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
Dalam tradisi Islam, ketika Abraham meninggalkan Hagar dan Isma'il di padang gurun, Hagar kehabisan air dan untuk mencarikan minum bagi Isma'il yang menangis kehausan, Hagar berlari 7 kali antara bukit-bukit [[Al-Safa]] dan [[Al-Marwah]], sampai kemudian Allah menunjukkan mata air yang membual. Mata air itu dikenal sebagai sumur [[Zam-zam]]. Untuk memperingati peristiwa ini, orang-orang Islam pada waktu menunaikan ibadah [[Haji]] lari di antara kedua bukit yang sama.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
On one of his visits to [[Mecca]], [[Abraham]] is said to have asked his son to help him build the requested [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite quran|2|127|style=ref}})</ref> Islamic traditions hold that the Kaaba was first built by [[Adam (Bible)|Adam]] and that Abraham and Ishmael rebuilt the Kaaba on the old foundations.<ref>Azraqi, ''Akhbar Makkah'', vol. 1, pp. 58-66</ref> As Ishmael grew up in [[Arabia]], he is said to have become fluent in [[Arabic]]. In the genealogical trees that the early scholars drew,<ref>''Chronicles'', Tabari, Vol I: ''From Creation to Flood''</ref> Ishmael was considered the ancestor of the Northern [[Arab]]s and Muhammad was linked to him through the lineage of the [[patriarch]] [[Adnan]].
Ketika pergi ke [[Mekah]], [[Abraham]] dikatakan meminta Isma'il untuk membantunya mendirikan [[Kaabah]].<ref>Al Quran 2:127</ref> Menurut tradisi Islam, Kaabah pertama kali didirikan oleh Adam. Abraham dan Isma'il membangunnya kembali di atas landasan yang lama.<ref>Azraqi, ''Akhbar Makkah'', vol. 1, pp. 58-66</ref> Menurut silsilah yang disusun oleh pakar Islam,<ref>''Chronicles'', Tabari, Vol I: ''From Creation to Flood''</ref> Muhammad adalah keturunan Isma'il melalui garis keturunan leluhur yang bernama [[Adnan]].
===Christian view===
{{See also|Hagar (Bible)#Hagar in Christian tradition|Isaac#New Testament|l1=Hagar in Christian tradition|l2=Isaac in the New Testament}}
In some Christian biblical interpretations, Ishmael is used to symbolize the older—now rejected—Judaic tradition; Isaac symbolizes the new tradition of Christianity.<ref name="EoR-Ishmael"/>
==Pandangan [[Kristen]]==
According to the Genesis account, Ishmael and his mother were expelled at the instigation of Sarah, in order to make sure that Isaac would be Abraham's [[wikt:heir|heir]]. In the [[Epistle to the Galatians|book of Galatians]] (4:21–31), [[Paul of Tarsus|Paul]] uses the incident "to symbolize the relationship between Judaism, the older but now rejected tradition, and Christianity".<ref name="EoR-Ishmael"/> In Galatians 4:28–31,<ref>{{niv|Galatians|4:28–31|Galatians 4:28–31}}</ref> Hagar is associated with the [[Mosaic Covenant|Sinai covenant]], while Sarah is associated with the [[Covenant theology|covenant of grace]] into which her son Isaac enters.<ref name="EoC-Isaac">Encyclopedia of Christianity(Ed. John Bowden), Isaac</ref>
Dalam sejumlah tafsiran, Ismael melambangkan tradisi Yahudi lama yang ditinggalkan, sedangkan Ishak melambangkan tradisi Kristen baru yang harus dianut.<ref name="EoR-Ishmael">Encyclopedia of Religion (2nd). (2005). Ed. Lindsay Jones. MacMillan Reference Books.</ref> [[Rasul Paulus]] tidak mempersoalkan status Ismael atau Ishak secara harafiah, melainkan dalam konteks dua jenis kepercayaan dalam ajaran [[Kristen]], yaitu terus mengikuti ajaran [[Taurat]] atau dibebaskan dari hukum [[Taurat]] di dalam hukum kasih [[Yesus]] [[Kristus]],<ref name="EoC-Isaac">Encyclopedia of Christianity(Ed. John Bowden), Isaac</ref> seperti yang ditulisnya dalam [[Surat Galatia]]:<ref>{{Alkitab|Galatia 4:21-31}}</ref><br>
:<sup>21</sup>Katakanlah kepadaku, hai kamu yang mau hidup di bawah hukum Taurat, tidakkah kamu mendengarkan hukum Taurat? <sup>22</sup>Bukankah ada tertulis, bahwa Abraham mempunyai dua anak, seorang dari perempuan yang menjadi hambanya dan seorang dari perempuan yang merdeka? <sup>23</sup>Tetapi anak dari perempuan yang menjadi hambanya itu diperanakkan menurut daging dan anak dari perempuan yang merdeka itu oleh karena janji. <sup>24</sup>Ini adalah suatu kiasan. Sebab kedua perempuan itu adalah dua ketentuan Allah: yang satu berasal dari gunung Sinai dan melahirkan anak-anak perhambaan, itulah Hagar--<sup>25</sup>Hagar ialah gunung Sinai di tanah Arab--dan ia sama dengan Yerusalem yang sekarang, karena ia hidup dalam perhambaan dengan anak-anaknya. <sup>26</sup>Tetapi Yerusalem sorgawi adalah perempuan yang merdeka, dan ialah ibu kita.
:<sup>27</sup>Karena ada tertulis: "Bersukacitalah, hai si mandul yang tidak pernah melahirkan! Bergembira dan bersorak-sorailah, hai engkau yang tidak pernah menderita sakit bersalin! Sebab yang ditinggalkan suaminya akan mempunyai lebih banyak anak dari pada yang bersuami."
:<sup>28</sup>Dan kamu, saudara-saudara, kamu sama seperti Ishak adalah anak-anak janji. <sup>29</sup>Tetapi seperti dahulu, dia, yang diperanakkan menurut daging, menganiaya yang diperanakkan menurut Roh, demikian juga sekarang ini.
<sup>30</sup>Tetapi apa kata nas Kitab Suci? "Usirlah hamba perempuan itu beserta anaknya, sebab anak hamba perempuan itu tidak akan menjadi ahli waris bersama-sama dengan anak perempuan merdeka itu."
:<sup>31</sup>Karena itu, saudara-saudara, kita bukanlah anak-anak hamba perempuan, melainkan anak-anak perempuan merdeka.
===Bahá'í faith===
The [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]] writings state that it was Ishmael, and not Isaac, who was the son that Abraham almost sacrificed.<ref>{{cite book |author = Bahá'u'lláh |authorlink = Bahá'u'lláh |year = 1976 |title = Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh |publisher = Bahá'í Publishing Trust |location = Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn = 0877431876 |url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/GWB/gwb-32.html#gr1 | pages = 75–76}}</ref> However, the Bahá'í writings also state that the name is unimportant as either could be used: the importance is that both were symbols of sacrifice.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Interpretation in the Bahá'í Faith | first = Juan R.I. | last = Cole | journal = Baha'i Studies Review | volume= 5 | issue = 1 | year = 1995 | url = http://bahai-library.com/cole_interpretation_bahai_faith}}</ref> According to [[Shoghi Effendi]], there has also been another Ishmael, a prophet of [[Israel]], commonly known as [[Samuel]].<ref>"Concerning the appearance of two Davids; there is a Tablet from 'Abdu'l-Bahá in which He says that just as there have been two Ishmaels, one the son of Abraham, and the other one of the Prophets of Israel, there have appeared two Davids, one the author of the Psalms and father of Solomon, and the other before Moses."
(Shoghi Effendi, Dawn of a New Day, pp. 86-87)</ref>
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==Referensi==
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