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The dramatic increase in military performance is for the first time reflected in historical records on the occasion of the second siege of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] in 1124, when the crusaders reportedly made use of "great trebuchets".<ref>{{harvnb|Chevedden|2000|p=92}}</ref> By the 1120–30s, the counterweight trebuchet had diffused not only to the crusaders states, but probably also westwards to the [[Norman Kingdom of Sicily|Normans of Sicily]] and eastwards to the [[Great Seljuq]]s. The military use of the new gravity-powered artillery culminated in the 12th century during the [[Siege of Acre (1189–1191)|Siege of Acre]] (1189–91) which saw the kings [[Richard I of England]] and [[Philip II of France]] wrestle for control of the city with [[Saladin]]'s forces.<ref name="Chevedden 2000, 104f.">{{harvnb|Chevedden|2000|pp=104f.}}</ref>
TheBukti onlygambar pictorialmengenai evidencetrebuset ofberpemberat apada counterweight trebuchet[[abad in the 12th century comeske-12]] fromberasal andari Islamicsarjana scholarMuslim, [[Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi]], whoyang wrotemenulis abuku militarypanduan manualmiliter foruntuk [[SaladinSallahudin Ayyubi]] circasekitar tahun 1187.<ref name="Chevedden 2000, 104f."/><ref>{{cite book |last= Bradbury |first= Jim |title= The Medieval Siege |publisher= The Boydell Press |year= 1992 |isbn= 0-85115-312-7}}</ref> HeIa describesmenjelaskan asuatu hybridtrebuset trebuchethibrida thatyang hedikatakannya saidmemiliki hadkekuatan thelontaran sameyang hurlingsetara powerdengan astrebuset atarikan tractionyang machineditarik pulledoleh bylima fiftypuluh menorang duesekaligus tokarena "thegaya constant forcekonstan [ofdari gravitygravitasi], whereasyang menberbeda differdengan inkekuatan theirtarikan pulling forcemanusia." (Showingdengan hismenunjukkan mechanicalkemahirannya proficiencydalam mekanika, Tarsusi designedmerancang histrebusetnya trebuchetdengan sodilengkapi that[[busur as it was fired it cocked a supplementary crossbowsilang]], probably tokemungkinan protectuntuk themelindungi engineersoperatornya fromdari attackserangan.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/weaponry/3823351.html?page=2&c=y |title=Historynet.com |publisher=Historynet.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-12}}</ref> HeKonon allegedlyia wrotemenulis bahwa "Trebuchetstrebuset aremerupakan machinesmesin inventedyang bydiciptakan unbelievingoleh devils.para kafir" (Al-Tarsusi, Bodleian MS 264). ThisIni suggestsmenunjukkan thatbahwa bypada themasa time of SaladinSallahudin, Muslimskaum wereMuslim acquaintedmempelajari withmesin-mesin counterweight enginesberpemberat, butnamun didtidak notmenganggap believebahwa thatmerekalah theyyang hadpertama inventedkali thesemenciptakan mesin-mesin machinestersebut.
During theSelama [[CrusadesPerang Salib]], [[Philip II ofdari FrancePerancis]] namedmenamakan twodua oftrebuset theyang trebuchetsia hegunakan useddalam in the Siege ofPengepungan Acre intahun 1191 dengan nama "God'sPelontar Stone-ThrowerBatu Milik Tuhan" anddan "BadTetangga yang NeighborBuruk."<ref>"Historic Trebuchets – Acre 1191", [http://members.iinet.net.au/~rmine/acre.html IInet.net.au]</ref> DuringSelama a siege ofpengepungan [[Istana Stirling Castle]] intahun 1304, [[Edward I ofdari EnglandInggris|Edward Longshanks]] orderedmemerintahkan hispara engineersinsinyurnya tountuk makemenciptakan atrebuset giantraksasa trebuchetbagi forpasukan theInggris, English army,yang nameddinamai "[[Warwolf]]". RangeJangkauan anddan sizeukuran ofsenjata thetersebut weapons variedbervariasi. InTahun 1421 the future, [[Charles VII ofdari FrancePerancis]] commissionedmengkomisikan asebuah trebuchettrebuset (''coyllar'') thatyang couldmampu shootmelontarkan asebuah stonebatu ofseberat 800 kg, whilesementara intahun 1188 atdi Ashyun, rocksbatu upsampai toseberat 1,500 kg were useddigunakan. AverageBerat weightrata-rata ofproyektil theyang projectilesdigunakan wasberkisar probably aroundantara 50–100 kg, withdengan ajangkauan rangelontaran of ca.sekitar 300 metersmeter. RateBanyaknya oftembakan fireyang coulddihasilkan bemerupakan noteworthy:hal atpenting: thepada [[siege ofpengepungan Lisbon]] (1147), twodua enginestrebuset weremampu capablemelontarkan ofbatu launching a stone everytiap 15 secondsdetik. AlsoJenazah humanmanusia corpsesjuga coulddapat bedigunakan useddalam inkesempatan specialtertentu. occasion:Sebagai incontoh, tahun 1422, PrincePangeran [[Sigismund Korybut|Korybut]], fordalam example, in the siege ofpengepungan [[Istana Karlštejn Castle]] shotmenembakkan mentubuh andmanusia manuredan withinpupuk theke enemyarah wallsdinding pertahanan musuh, apparentlykemungkinan besar untuk managingmenyebarkan toinfeksi spreadterhadap infectionpara amongmusuh theyang defendersbertahan. TheTrebuset largestberukuran trebuchetsbesar neededmembutuhkan exceptionalkayu quantitiesdalam ofjumlah timber:sangat atbanyak. thePada [[Siege ofpengepungan Damietta]], intahun 1249, [[Louis IX ofdari FrancePerancis]] wasmampu ablemembangun todinding buildpertahanan abagi stockadeseluruh forperkemahan thetentara wholePerang CrusadeSalib campdengan withmenggunakan thekayu wood fromdari 24 capturedtrebuset EgyptianMesir trebuchetsyang dirampas.
Counterweight trebuchets do not appear with certainty in Chinese historical records until about 1268, when the Mongols laid siege to Fancheng and Xiangyang. At the [[Battle of Xiangyang|Siege of Fancheng and Xiangyang]], the [[Mongol]] army, unable to capture the cities despite besieging the [[Song Dynasty|Song]] defenders for years, brought in two Persian engineers who built hinged counterweight trebuchets and soon reduced the cities to rubble, forcing the surrender of the garrison. These engines were called by the Chinese historians the Huihui Pao (回回砲)("huihui" means Muslim) or Xiangyang Pao (襄陽砲), because they were first encountered in that battle. Recent research by Paul E. Chevedden indicates that the ''hui-hui pao'' was actually a European design, a double-counterweight engine that had been introduced to the [[Levant]] by [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] (1210–1250) only shortly before.<ref>"Black Camels and Blazing Bolts: The Bolt-Projecting Trebuchet in the Mamluk Army", ''Mamluk Studies Review'' Vol. 8/1, 2004, pp. 227–277 (232f.)</ref> The Muslim historian [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]] (1247?–1318) refers in his [[universal history]] to the Mongol trebuchets used at the Song cities as "Frankish" or "European trebuchets" ("manjaniq ifranji" or "manjaniq firanji"):
Even more radical designs the ancients would not even recognize as trebuchets. For example, "Merlin"<ref>[http://www.supertrebs.com/Merlin.html Merlin Trebuchet Website]</ref> uses no counterweight whatsoever - the weight of the machine itself is what powers this trebuchet.
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== Catatan kaki ==
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