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== Sejarah ==
=== Turki dan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah ===
{{Main|Migrasi Bangsa Turki|Kesultanan Seljuk Raya|Kesultanan Rûm|Kesultanan Utsmaniyah}}
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''[[Kesultanan Seljuk Raya|Wangsa Seljuk]]'' adalah cabang ''Kınık'' [[Turki Oghuz|Turki Oğuz]] yang bermukim yang tinggal di tepi [[Sejarah Islam#Abbasids - "Zaman Keemasan Islam"|dunia Muslim]], di [[Khagan]]at Yabghu konfederasi Oğuz, di utara [[Laut Kaspia|Kaspia]] dan [[Laut Aral]], di [[abad ke-9]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Hind: The Making of the Indo Islamic World, Vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries|first=Andre|last=Wink|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=1990|isbn=90-04-09249-8}}</ref><!--{{Page needed|date=July 2011}} In the 10th century the Seljuks started migrating from their ancestral homeland into [[Persia]], which became the administrative core of the [[Great Seljuq Empire|Great Seljuk Empire]].
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The Ottoman Empire's power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly during the reign of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]. The empire was often at odds with the [[Holy Roman Empire]] in its steady advance towards [[Central Europe]] through the Balkans and the southern part of the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]].<ref name="Ottoman_Turkey">{{Cite book|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey|first=Stanford|last=Jay Shaw|coauthors=Kural Shaw, Ezel|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1977|isbn=0-5212-9163-1}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=July 2011}} At sea, the [[Ottoman Navy]] contended with several [[Holy League]]s (composed primarily of [[Habsburg Spain]], the [[Republic of Genoa]], the [[Republic of Venice]], the [[Knights Hospitaller|Knights of St. John]], the [[Papal States]], the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]] and the [[Duchy of Savoy]]) for control of the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. In the [[Indian Ocean]], the Ottoman Navy [[Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean|frequently confronted]] [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese fleets]] in order to defend the empire's monopoly over the historic maritime trade routes between [[East Asia]] and [[Western Europe]]; these routes faced new competition with the Portuguese discovery of the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in 1488, which had a considerable impact on the Ottoman economy. In addition, the Ottomans were occasionally at war with [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid Persia]] over territorial disputes or caused by religious differences between 16th and 18th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Short History of the Middle East| first=George E. |last=Kirk|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|year=2008|page=58|isbn=1443725684}}</ref>
During nearly two [[Decline of the Ottoman Empire|centuries of decline]], the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, military power, and wealth. It entered World War I on the side of the [[Central Powers]] and was ultimately defeated. During the war, an estimated 1.5 million [[Armenians]] were deported and exterminated in the [[Armenian Genocide]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/genocide.html|title=FACT SHEET: ARMENIAN GENOCIDE|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|accessdate=2010-07-15}}</ref><ref>Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) ''Dictionary of Genocide''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. ISBN 0-313-34642-9.</ref> The Turkish government [[Armenian Genocide denial|denies that there was]] an Armenian [[genocide]] and claims that Armenians were only [[Population transfer|relocated]] from the eastern war zone.<ref>Patrick J. Roelle, ''Islam's Mandate- A Tribute to Jihad'', AuthorHouse, 2010, ISBN
===Republic era===
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