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Koan atau '''kōan''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|k|oʊ|.|ɑː|n}}; {{zh|c=公案|p=gōng'àn}}; {{lang-ko|공안 (kong'an)}}; {{lang-vi|công án}}) adalah sebuah cerita naratif, dialog, pertanyaan atau pernyataan yang digunakan oleh praktisi Zen (atau Chan) untuk menggugah "keraguan besar" dan menguji kemajuan seorang murid dalam latihan Zen.
Kata koan secara harfiah berarti "kotak umum", yang diambil dari pelafalan Jepang atas huruf Cina (公案).
==Etimologi==
''Kōan'' berasal dari pengucapan orang Jepang atas istilah Cina (公案), diterjemahkan ''kung-an'' ([[Wade-Giles]]) atau ''gōng'àn'' ([[Pinyin]]).
Chung Feng Ming Pen (中峰明本 1263–1323) menuliskan bahwa kung-an merupakan sebuah singkatan untuk ''kung-fu an-tu'' (公府之案牘, Pinyin ''gōngfǔ zhī àndú'', dilafalkan dalam bahasa Jepang sebagai ''kōfu no antoku''), yang merujuk pada "rekaman umum" atau "kotak rekaman pada sebuah pengadilan umum" pada masa Dinasti Tang di Cina.
==Perkembangan==
Koan saat ini menjadi salah satu media belajar ajaran Buddha di banyak negara, tidak hanya di negara-negara Asia Timur seperti Jepang, Cina dan Korea, tetapi juga di negara-negara Barat. Terdapat berbagai macam variasi tradisi koan tergantung pada tradisi agama Buddha yang berkembang di masing-masing negara, antara lain:
a. Chan di Cina
b. Seon di Korea
c. Rinzai di Jepang
d. Soto di Jepang
e. Sanbo Kyodan di Jepang
==Bacaan Lanjutan==
* Loori, John Daido. ''Sitting with Koans: Essential Writings on the Zen Practice of Koan Study''. Wisdom Publications, 2005. ISBN 978-0-86171-369-1
* Hoffmann, Yoel.tr. ''The Sound of the One Hand.'' Basic Books, 1975. ISBN 978-0-465-08079-3 This book contains examples of how some Zen practitioners '''answer''' the koans "correctly". Originally published in Japan almost a century ago as a critique of fossilization of Zen, that is formalization of koan practice.
* Kirchner, Thomas Yūhō. ''Entangling Vines : Zen Koans of the Shūmon Kattōshū'' 宗門葛藤集. Saga Tenryuji (Japan): Tenryu-ji Institute for Philosophy and Religion, 2004.
* Seung Sahn, ''Ten Gates: The Kong-an Teaching of Zen Master Seung Sahn.'' Primary Point Press,1987. Letters on koans from a Korean Zen Master.
* Steven Heine, and Dale S. Wright, eds. ''The Kōan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism.'' Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-511749-2
==Pranala Luar==
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/zen/cgi-bin/koan-index.pl The Gateless Gate] 48 Zen kōans compiled in the early 13th century
* [http://perso.ens-lyon.fr/eric.boix/Koan/Shoyoroku/index.html Book of Serenity] A collection of 100 kōans, originally compiled in the 12th century
* [http://home.earthlink.net/~qleah/adam_hindman-koans.html Life at the Monastery] – a humorous look at kōans
* [http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVLPages/ZenPages/KoanStudy.html Zen Buddhism Koan Study Pages]
* [http://www.thezensite.com/MainPages/koan_studies.html Koan Collections and Studies]
* [http://www.short-zen-poems.com/search/label/Koans/ Short Zen Poems, Koans] – Collection of modern koans.
* [http://www.chinapage.com/zen/koan1.html Zen Koans: Transcending Duality] – a list of kōans
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20070125230458sh_re_/www3.tky.3web.ne.jp/~edjacob/koan.html What is the sound of one hand clapping?]
* [http://www.mro.org/zmm/teachings/shugen/shugen16.php One Drop Reveals the Ocean] – a talk given by [[Geoffrey Shugen Arnold]] regarding ''Zhaozhou's Cypress''
* [http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Philosophical/OnZenLanguage.htm On Zen (Ch’an) Language and Zen Paradoxes] Chung-ying Cheng discusses how to "make good sense of Zen language and its puzzles and paradoxes" such as found in kōans.
* [http://www.cincinato.org/koans/ Zen Koans Database]
* [http://home.comcast.net/~zenquaker/Koan.pdf Plum Mountain News (January 1995): Genjo Marinello "Zen Koan Practice"] (PDF)
* [http://www.thezensite.com/ZenTeachings/KoanStudies/the-road-to-nowhere.pdf The Road to Nowhere: Koans and the Deconstruction of the Zen Saga] by Mary Jaksch a M.A. dissertation on kōans by a Zen teacher with the Diamond Sangha
* [http://zennist.typepad.com/files/lachszen_2012_02_11.docx.pdf Stuart Lachs (2012), ''Hua-t’ou : A Method of Zen Meditation'']
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