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== Ekonomi ==
{{utama|Ekonomi Italia}}
[[Berkas:2012-03-07 Motorshow Geneva 4309.JPG|jempol|kanan|[[Ferrari F12berlinetta]]. Italia adalah eksportir barang terbesar ke-7 di dunia.]]
Italia memiliki [[ekonomi pasar]] yang dicirikan oleh PDB per kapita yang tinggi dan angka pengangguran yang rendah. Pada tahun 2010, Italia adalah ekonomi [[Daftar negara menurut PDB (nominal)|terbesar ke-8]] di dunia dan terbesar ke-4 di Eropa dalam hal PDB nominal,<ref>http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf</ref> dan ekonomi [[Daftar negara menurut PDB (PPP)|terbesar ke-10]] di dunia dan terbesar ke-5 di Eropa dalam hal [[keseimbangan kemampuan berbelanja]].<ref>http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP_PPP.pdf</ref> Italia adalah anggota pendiri [[G8]], [[zona Euro]], dan [[OECD]].
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After World War II, Italy was [[Italian economic miracle|rapidly transformed]] from an agriculture based economy into one of the world's most industrialized nations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.careersineurope.hobsons.com/country_italy.aspx |title=Hobsons Careers in Europe | Country profiles |publisher=Careersineurope.hobsons.com |accessdate=2 August 2010}}</ref> and a leading country in [[international trade|world trade and exports]]. It is a [[developed country]], with the world's 8th highest [[quality of life]] in 2005<ref name="economist.com"/> and the 24th [[List of countries by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]]. In spite of the recent [[Late-2000s recession|global economic crisis]], Italian [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|per capita GDP at purchasing power parity]] remains approximately equal to the EU average,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/2-25062009-BP/EN/2-25062009-BP-EN.PDF|title=GDP per capita in PPS|publisher=Eurostat|accessdate=25 June 2009}}</ref> while the unemployment rate (8.5%) stands as one of the EU's lowest.<ref>[http://tg24.sky.it/tg24/economia/2010/06/14/ocse_tasso_disoccupazione_invariato_1.html] Ocse, tasso di disoccupazione stabile nell'eurozona</ref> The country is well known for its influential and innovative business economic sector,<ref name="dev.prenhall.com">{{cite web|url=http://dev.prenhall.com/divisions/hss/worldreference/IT/economics.html |title=Italy – Economics |publisher=Dev.prenhall.com |accessdate=2 August 2010}}</ref> an industrious and competitive agricultural sector<ref name="dev.prenhall.com"/> (Italy is the world's largest wine producer),<ref>{{cite news|last=Pisa|first=Nick|title=Italy overtakes France to become world's largest wine producer|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/wine/8571222/Italy-overtakes-France-to-become-worlds-largest-wine-producer.html|accessdate=17 August 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=12 June 2011}}</ref> and for its creative and high-quality automobile, industrial, appliance and fashion design.<ref name="dev.prenhall.com"/>
According to the [[IMF]] 2010 statistics the sectorial distribution of GDP in 2010 was dominated by Services with 73.3%, followed by the Industry with 24.9% and the agriculture with 1.8%.
[[File:Eurozone.svg|thumb|left|Italy is part of a monetary union, the [[Eurozone]] (dark blue), and of the [[Internal Market (European Union)|EU single market]].]]
Italy has a smaller number of global multinational corporations than other economies of comparable size, but there is a large number of [[small and medium-sized enterprises]], notoriously clustered in several [[industrial district]]s, which are the backbone of the [[Italian industry]]. This has produced a manufacturing sector often focused on the export of [[niche market]] and luxury products, that if on one side is less capable to compete on the quantity, on the other side is more capable of facing the competition from China and other emerging Asian economies based on lower labour costs, with higher quality products.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21808326~menuPK:258604~pagePK:2865106~piPK:2865128~theSitePK:258599,00.html|title=Knowledge Economy Forum 2008: Innovative Small And Medium Enterprises Are Key To Europe & Central Asian Growth|publisher=The World Bank|date=19 May 2005|accessdate =17 June 2008}}</ref>
The country was the world's 7th largest exporter in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/pres10_e/pr598_e.htm |title=2010 Press Releases – Trade to expand by 9.5% in 2010 after a dismal 2009, WTO reports – Press/598 |publisher=WTO |accessdate=30 May 2011}}</ref> Italy's closest trade ties are with the other countries of the European Union, with whom it conducts about 59% of its total trade. Its largest EU trade partners, in order of market share, are Germany (12.9%), France (11.4%), and Spain (7.4%).<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/it.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook |publisher=[[CIA]] |accessdate=26 January 2011}}</ref> Finally, tourism is one of the fastest growing and profitable sectors of the national economy: with 43.6 million international tourist arrivals and total receipts estimated at $38.8 billion in 2010, Italy is both the fifth most visited country and highest tourism earner in the world.<ref>http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf</ref>
[[File:Vineyards in Piemonte, Italy.jpg|thumb|right|Vineyards in the hilly area of [[Langhe]], Piedmont. Italy is the world's top wine producer.]]
Despite these important achievements, the Italian economy today suffers from many and relevant problems. After a strong GDP growth of 5–6% per year from the 1950s to the early 1970s,<ref>{{Cite book
| author = Nicholas Crafts, Gianni Toniolo
| title = Economic growth in Europe since 1945
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year= 1996
| page = 428
| isbn = 0-521-49627-6}}</ref> and a progressive slowdown in the 1980s and 1990s, the last decade's average annual growth rates poorly performed at 1.23% in comparison to an average EU annual growth rate of 2.28%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tsieb020 |title=Real GDP growth rate – Growth rate of GDP volume – percentage change on previous year|author=[[Eurostat]]|accessdate=10 May 2009}}</ref> The stagnation in economic growth, and the political efforts to revive it with massive government spending from the 1980s onwards, eventually produced a severe rise in [[public debt]]. According to the EU's statistics body Eurostat, Italian public debt stood at 116% of GDP in 2010, ranking as the second biggest debt ratio after [[Greece]] (with 126.8%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europolitics.info/economy-monetary-affairs/deficits-increase-in-eurozone-and-eu-artb287086-50.html |title=Europolitics |publisher=Europolitics.info |accessdate=26 January 2011}}</ref>
However, the biggest chunk of Italian public debt is owned by national subjects, a major difference between Italy and Greece.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/37207942/Could_Italy_Be_Better_Off_than_its_Peers |title=Could Italy Be Better Off than its Peers? |publisher=CNBC |date=18 May 2010 |accessdate=30 May 2011}}</ref> In addition, Italian living standards have a considerable [[Italian economy|north-south divide]]. The average GDP per capita in the north exceeds by far the EU average, while many regions of [[Southern Italy]] are dramatically below.<ref name="europa.eu" >{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=STAT/09/23&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en |title=EUROPA – Press Releases – Regional GDP per inhabitant in the EU27, GDP per inhabitant in 2006 ranged from 25% of the EU27 average in Nord-Est in Romania to 336% in Inner London |publisher=Europa |date=19 February 2009 |accessdate=30 October 2010}}</ref> Italy has often been referred the ''[[sick man of Europe]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=3987219|title=The real sick man of Europe|work=The Economist|date=19 May 2005|accessdate =10 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3557277/Italy-The-sick-man-of-Europe.html|title=Italy: The sick man of Europe|work=The Daily Telegraph |date=29 December 2008|accessdate =10 May 2009|location=London}}</ref> characterised by economic stagnation, political instability and problems in pursuing reform programs.
More specifically, Italy suffers from structural weaknesses due to its geographical conformation and the lack of raw materials and energy resources: in 2006 the country imported more than 86% of its total energy consumption (99.7% of the solid fuels, 92.5% of oil, 91.2% of natural gas and 15% of electricity).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-DK-08-001/EN/KS-DK-08-001-EN.PDF|title=Energy, transport and environment indicators|author=[[Eurostat]]|accessdate=10 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-GH-09-001/EN/KS-GH-09-001-EN.PDF|title=Panorama of energy|author=[[Eurostat]]|accessdate =10 May 2009}}</ref> The Italian economy is weakened by the lack of infrastructure development, market reforms and research investment, and also high public deficit.<ref name="dev.prenhall.com"/> In the [[Index of Economic Freedom]] 2008, the country ranked 64th in the world and 29th in Europe, the lowest rating in the Eurozone. Italy still receives [[development aid|development assistance]] from the European Union every year. Between 2000 and 2006, Italy received €27.4 billion from the EU.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/informat/country2009/it_en.pdf |title=European Cohesion Policy in Italy |format=PDF |accessdate=30 October 2010}}</ref>
The country has an inefficient state bureaucracy, low property rights protection and high levels of corruption, heavy taxation and public spending that accounts for about half of the national GDP.<ref name="economicfreedom" >{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?ID=Italy|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080503060552/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?ID=Italy|archivedate=3 May 2008 |title=Index of Economic Freedom |publisher=The Heritage Foundation |accessdate=4 November 2008}}</ref> In addition, the most recent data show that Italy's spending in [[R&D]] in 2006 was equal to 1.14% of GDP, below the EU average of 1.84% and the [[Lisbon Strategy]] target of devoting 3% of GDP to research and development activities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-SF-08-091/EN/KS-SF-08-091-EN.PDF|title=R&D Expenditure and Personnel|author=[[Eurostat]]|accessdate=10 May 2009}}</ref> According to the [[:it:Confesercenti|Confesercenti]], a major business association in Italy, [[organized crime in Italy]] represented the "biggest segment of the Italian economy", accounting for €90 billion in receipts and 7% of Italy's GDP.<ref name="mafia-7">{{cite news | title= Mafia crime is 7% of GDP in Italy, group reports | first= Peter | last= Kiefer | date= 22 October 2007 |work=New York Times | url= http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/22/world/europe/22iht-italy.4.8001812.html}}</ref>
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=== Infrastruktur ===
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[[File:Frecciarossa.JPG|right|thumb|''[[Frecciarossa]]'' high speed trains, capable of {{convert|355|km/h|2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="FS355record">{{cite web |url=http://www.fsnews.it/fsnews/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=07a4a4b1fb478110VgnVCM1000001c42fe0aRCRD |title=Nuovo record di velocità sulla linea AV Milano-Bologna |date=3 March 2008 |publisher=FSNews |language=Italian |archiveurl=http://209.85.129.132/search?q=cache:m5-u7afI-asJ:www.fsnews.it/fsnews/v/index.jsp%3Fvgnextoid%3D07a4a4b1fb478110VgnVCM1000001c42fe0aRCRD |archivedate=22 August 2008 |accessdate=31 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.duegieditrice.it/tuttotreno/default.asp?num=218 |title=Record italiano di velocità |month=April |year=2008 |publisher=Tutto Treno |language=Italian |accessdate=2 January 2009}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fsnews.it/cms/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=d203c7bd6d20b110VgnVCM1000003f16f90aRCRD |title=200 giorni al primo treno Alta Velocità sulla Milano-Bologna |date=28 May 2008 |publisher=FSNews |language=Italian |accessdate=31 December 2008}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Transport in Italy}}
In 2004 the transport sector in Italy generated a turnover of about 119.4 billion euros, employing 935,700 persons in 153,700 enterprises. Regarding the national road network, in 2002 there were {{convert|668721|km|mi|abbr=on}} of serviceable roads in Italy, including {{convert|6487|km|mi|abbr=on}} of motorways, state-owned but privately operated by [[Atlantia (company)|Atlantia]]. In 2005, about 34,667,000 [[Automobile|passenger cars]] (590 cars per 1,000 people) and 4,015,000 goods vehicles circulated on the national road network.<ref name="European Commission">{{cite web|url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-DA-07-001/EN/KS-DA-07-001-EN.PDF|title=Panorama of Transport|format=PDF|author=[[European Commission]]|accessdate=3 May 2009}}</ref>
The national railway network, state-owned and operated by [[Ferrovie dello Stato]], in 2003 totalled {{convert|16287|km|mi|abbr=on}} of which 69% is electrified, and on which 4,937 locomotives and railcars circulated. The national inland [[waterways]] network comprised {{convert|1477|km|mi|abbr=on}} of navigable rivers and channels in 2002. In 2004 there were approximately 30 main airports (including the two [[Airline hub|hubs]] of [[Malpensa International Airport|Malpensa International]] in Milan and [[Leonardo Da Vinci International Airport|Leonardo Da Vinci International]] in Rome) and 43 major seaports (including the seaport of [[Genoa]], the country's largest and second largest in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]). In 2005 Italy maintained a civilian air fleet of about 389,000 units and a merchant fleet of 581 ships.<ref name="European Commission"/>
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== Demografi ==
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