John F. Kennedy: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{redirect10|JFK|John Kennedy|Jack Kennedy}}
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{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
|
| image_size =
| office = [[Presiden Amerika Serikat]] Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat|ke-35]]
| vicepresident = [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| term_start =
| term_end = 22 November
| predecessor = [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
| successor = [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
| jr/sr2 = Senator Amerika Serikat
| state2 = [[Massachusetts]]
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
| successor2 = [[Benjamin A. Smith II
| state3 = [[Massachusetts]]
| district3 = [[Distrik kongres Massachusetts ke-11|ke-11]]
|
| term_end3 = 3 Januari 1953
| predecessor3 = [[James Michael Curley]]
| successor3 = [[Tip O'Neill]]
| birth_name = John Fitzgerald Kennedy
| birth_date = {{birth date|1917|5|29}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1963|11|22|1917|5|29}}
| death_place = [[Dallas]], [[Texas]],
| resting_place = [[Pemakaman Nasional Arlington]]
| death_cause = [[Pembunuhan John F. Kennedy|Dibunuh]]
| party = [[
| other_names = Jack<br>JFK
| spouse = [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Lee Bouvier]]<br>(m. 1953–63; meninggal)
| children = {{plain list|
*Arabella Kennedy
*[[Caroline Kennedy|Caroline Bouvier Kennedy]]
*[[John F. Kennedy, Jr.|John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Jr.]]
*[[Patrick Bouvier Kennedy]]
}}
| relations = {{plain list|
*
*
*[[Mary Josephine Hannon Fitzgerald|Mary Josephine Hannon]] <small>(nenek)</small>
*[[Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.|Joseph Patrick Kennedy, Sr.]] <small>(bapak)</small>
*[[Rose Kennedy|Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald]] <small>(ibu)</small>
*[[Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.|Joseph Patrick Kennedy, Jr.]] <small>(kakak)</small>
*[[Rosemary Kennedy|Rose Marie Kennedy]] <small>(adik)</small>
*[[Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington|Kathleen Agnes Kennedy]] <small>(adik)</small>
*[[Eunice Kennedy Shriver|Eunice Mary Kennedy]] <small>(adik)</small>
*[[Patricia Kennedy Lawford|Patricia Helen Kennedy]] <small>(adik)</small>
*[[Robert F. Kennedy|Robert Francis Kennedy]] <small>(adik)</small>
*[[Jean Kennedy Smith|Jean Ann Kennedy]] <small>(adik)</small>
*[[Ted Kennedy|Edward Moore Kennedy]] <small>(adik)</small>
*[[Joseph Gargan|Joseph F. Gargan, Jr.]] <small>(sepupu)</small>
*[[John Schlossberg|John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg]] <small>(cucu)</small>
}}
| alma_mater = [[Harvard College]]
| profession = [[Politikus]]
| religion = [[Gereja Katolik|Katolik Roma]]
| signature = John F Kennedy Signature 2.svg
| signature_alt =
| allegiance = {{flag|United States of America|1912}}
| branch = {{Flag|United States Navy}}
| serviceyears = 1941–1945
| rank = [[File:US-O3 insignia.svg|15px]] [[Letnan (angkatan laut)|Letnan]]
| unit = [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109]]
| battles = [[Perang Dunia II]]<br>[[Kampanye Kepulauan Solomon]]
| awards = {{plain list|
*[[File:Navy and Marine Corps Medal ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Navy and Marine Corps Medal]]
*[[File:Purple Heart BAR.svg|30px]] [[Purple Heart]]
*[[File:American Defense Service ribbon.svg|30px]] [[American Defense Service Medal]]
*[[File:American Campaign Medal ribbon.svg|30px]] [[American Campaign Medal]]
*[[File:Asiatic-Pacific Campaign ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal]] (3 [[Bintang dinas|bintang perunggu]])
*[[File:World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|30px]] [[World War II Victory Medal (Amerika Serikat)|World War II Victory Medal]]<ref name="JFKlibrary.org misc">{{cite web | url = http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/John+F.+Kennedy+Miscellaneous+Information.htm | title = John F. Kennedy Miscellaneous Information | publisher = John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum | accessdate =2012-02-22}}</ref>
}}
}}
'''John Fitzgerald Kennedy''' (29 Mei 1917 – 22 November 1963), dikenal dengan panggilan "Jack" atau inisial '''JFK''', adalah [[Presiden Amerika Serikat]] [[Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat ke-35]] yang menjabat sejak Januari 1961 sampai [[Pembunuhan John F. Kennedy|dibunuh]] bulan November 1963.
Setelah menjalani dinas militer sebagai [[perwira komandan|komandan]] [[kapal PT|Kapal Torpedo Motor]] [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109|''PT-109'']] dan [[Motor Torpedo Boat PT-59|''PT-59'']] saat Perang Dunia II di [[Wilayah Pasifik Barat Daya (komando)|Pasifik Selatan]], Kennedy menjadi perwakilan [[distrik kongres ke-11 Massachusetts]] di [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Amerika Serikat]] sejak 1947 sampai 1953 dari [[Partai Demokrat (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Demokrat]]. Setelah itu, ia menjabat di [[Senat Amerika Serikat]] sejak 1953 sampai 1960. Kennedy mengalahkan Wakil Presiden dan kandidat Republik [[Richard Nixon]] dalam [[pemilihan umum presiden Amerika Serikat 1960|pemilu presiden A.S. 1960]]. Pada usia 43 tahun, ia menjadi presiden termuda yang pernah menjabat,{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=109}}{{efn|name=Roosevelt|[[Theodore Roosevelt]] sembilan bulan lebih muda saat ia menjabat tanggal 14 September 1901, namun baru terpilih tahun 1904 pada usia 46 tahun.{{harvnb|Jewell|2005|p=207}}.}} presiden termuda kedua (setelah [[Theodore Roosevelt]]), dan presiden pertama yang lahir pada abad ke-20.<ref name="NY Times 1961">{{cite news | title = A Time of Change Facing Kennedy; Themes of Inaugural Note Future of Nation Under Challenge of New Era | first = Wallace | last = Carroll | newspaper = The New York Times | date = January 21, 1961 | page = 9 }}</ref> {{As of|2013|alt=Sampai sekarang}}, Kennedy, seorang [[Gereja Katolik|Katolik]], adalah satu-satunya presiden non-[[Protestan]] dan satu-satunya presiden pemenang [[Hadiah Pulitzer]].<ref name="Pulitzer">{{cite web | url = http://www.pulitzer.org/faq#q20 | title = FAQ | publisher = Columbia University | work=The Pulitzer Prizes | accessdate =2012-02-23 }}</ref>
Peristiwa yang terjadi pada masa pemerintahannya adalah [[Invasi Teluk Babi]], [[Krisis Rudal Kuba]], [[Perlombaan Antariksa]]—dengan memulai [[Proyek Apollo]] (yang berpuncak pada [[Daftar astronot Apollo#Astronot Apollo yang berjalan di Bulan|pendaratan di Bulan]]) pembangunan [[Tembok Berlin]], [[Gerakan Hak Sipil Afrika-Amerika (1955–1968)|Gerakan Hak Sipil Afrika-Amerika]], dan tahap-tahap awal [[Perang Vietnam]]. Waktu itu, Kennedy menambah jumlah penasihat militer, pasukan operasi khusus, dan helikopter untuk menghambat penyebaran komunisme di Asia Tenggara.<ref name=Karnow_p270>[[#Karnow|Karnow]], p. 270</ref> Pemerintahan Kennedy mengadopsi kebijakan [[Strategic Hamlet Program]] yang diterapkan oleh pemerintah Vietnam Selatan. Kebijakan ini melibatkan relokasi paksa, pengurungan desa, dan pemisahan pedesaan Vietnam Selatan dari milisi komunis utara dan selatan.{{sfn|Tucker|2011|p=1070}}
Kennedy [[Pembunuhan John F. Kennedy|dibunuh]] tanggal 22 November 1963 di [[Dallas]], Texas. [[Lee Harvey Oswald]] dituding sebagai pelakunya dan ditahan malam itu juga, namun [[Jack Ruby]] menembaknya sampai mati dua hari kemudian, sebelum pengadilan Oswald diselenggarakan. [[FBI]] dan [[Komisi Warren]] secara resmi menyimpulkan Oswald sebagai pembunuh tunggal. Akan tetapi, [[Komite Pembunuhan Istimewa DPR Amerika Serikat]] (HSCA) berpendapat bahwa investigasi tersebut tidak sepenuhnya benar dan Kennedy mungkin dibunuh akibat [[teori konspirasi pembunuhan John F. Kennedy|persekongkolan]].<ref name="HSCA 1979">{{cite web |url= http://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-1b.html |title=JFK Assassination Records: Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives: Findings |publisher = United States National Archives |year=1979 |accessdate=2012-02-24}}</ref> Program kontroversial Kennedy berupa [[General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark|pengebom tempur TFX]] [[Departemen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat|Departemen Pertahanan]] memaksa Kongres melakukan investigasi yang berlangsung sejak 1963 sampai 1970.<ref name=Gelfand_pp379_381>[[#Gelfand|Gelfand]], pp. 379, 381</ref> Sejak 1960-an, informasi seputar kehidupan pribadi Kennedy perlahan terungkap. Rincian masalah kesehatan Kennedy semakin jelas, terutama sejak 1990-an. Walaupun awalnya dirahasiakan dari masyarakat, laporan bahwa Kennedy sering main wanita sudah mendapat sorotan pers. Kennedy menempati peringkat tinggi menurut [[Peringkat historis Presiden Amerika Serikat|penilaian opini publik]].{{sfn|Dallek|2003|p=700}}
== Keluarga ==
Baris 70 ⟶ 96:
{{Main|Pembunuhan John F. Kennedy}}
'''Pembunuhan [[John F. Kennedy]]''', presiden ke-35 [[Amerika Serikat]], terjadi pada hari Jumat, 22 November 1963 di [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], [[Texas]] pada pukul 12:30 [[Central Standard Time Zone|Central Standard Time]] (18:30 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). Kennedy tewas akibat ditembak sementara berada di mobil bersama istrinya [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy]]. Investigasi 10 bulan oleh [[Komisi Warren]] tahun 1963–1964, [[United States House Select Committee on Assassinations]] (HSCA) tahun 1976–1979, dan investigasi pemerintahan lainnya menyimpulkan bahwa Kennedy dibunuh oleh [[Lee Harvey Oswald]]. Kesimpulan ini didukung oleh publik tahun 1964–66, namun pemilihan diadakan setelah 1966 dan menunjukan 80% warga Amerika tidak mempercayainya.<ref>Gary Langer, [http://abcnews.go.com/sections/wnt/US/JFK_poll_031116.html Legacy of Suspicion], ABC News, November 16, 2004.</ref><ref>Jarrett Murphy, [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/11/20/national/main584668.shtml 40 Years Later: Who Killed JFK?], CBS News, November 21, 2003.</ref> Pembunuhan ini masih diperdebatkan dan menimbulkan beberapa teori konspirasi.
== Media ==
{{listen
| filename = JFK ColdWarsOrigin.ogg
| title = Kennedy mengomentari kemungkinan pencegahan Perang Dingin
| description = Presiden Kennedy mengomentari kemungkinan pencegahan Perang Dingin
| format = [[Vorbis]]
| filename2 = JFKennedy November1963.ogg
| title2 = Pesan Kennedy untuk Turki
| description2 = Pesan Kennedy untuk Presiden [[Turki]] [[Cemal Gursel]] dan rakyat Turki pada hari peringatan kematian [[Kemal Ataturk]], 10 November 1963 ([[:File:JFKennedy on Ataturk 1963.pdf|transkripsi]])
| format2 = [[Vorbis]]
| filename3 = Discurso de Kennedy.ogg
| title3 = Pengumuman perjalanan ke bulan
| description3 = Pengumuman John F. Kennedy tentang perjalanan ke bulan (durasi 11:00)
| format3 = [[Vorbis]]
}}
[[File:Kennedy inauguration footage.ogg|thumb|center|Rekaman upacara dan pidato pelantikan]]
== Lihat pula ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Pembunuhan Robert F. Kennedy]]
* [[Jesuit Ivy]]
* [[Doktrin Kennedy]]
* [[Keluarga Kennedy]]
* [[Setengah dolar Kennedy]]
* [[Tragedi Kennedy]]
* [[Legenda kebetulan Lincoln–Kennedy]]
* [[Operasi Northwoods]]
* [[Orville Nix]], fotografer film pembunuhan yang lain
* "[[Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy]]", pernyataan Senator [[Lloyd Bentsen]] dalam perdebatan Wakil Presiden 1988
* [[The John F. Kennedy Memorial Park]], Irlandia
* [[The Torch of Friendship]]
* [[Abraham Zapruder]], fotografer film pembunuhan utama, [[film Zapruder]].
'''Umum:'''
* [[Sejarah Amerika Serikat (1945–1964)]]
* [[Daftar politikus Amerika Serikat yang dibunuh]]
* [[Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat]]
* [[Daftar Presiden Amerika Serikat yang meninggal saat menjabat]]
* [[Presiden AS di prangko AS]]
{{div col end}}
== Catatan ==
{{notes}}
== Referensi ==
{{reflist
| colwidth = 30em
| refs =
}}
==
{{refbegin|20em}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Alford
| first1 = Mimi
| author1-link = Mimi Alford
| last2 = Newman
| first2 = Judith
| year = 2011
| title = Once Upon A Secret: My Affair with President John F. Kennedy and its Aftermath
| publisher = Hutchinson
| location = London
| isbn = 978-0-09-193175-9
| ref = {{sfnRef|Alford|2011}}
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Ballard
| first = Robert D.
| authorlink = Robert Ballard
| year = 2002
| title = Collision With History: The Search for John F. Kennedy's PT 109
| publisher = National Geographic
| location = Washington, DC
| isbn = 978-0-7922-6876-5
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Barnes
| first = John
| year = 2007
| title = John F. Kennedy on Leadership
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Bilharz
| first = Joy Ann
| year = 2002
| origyear = 1998
| title = The Allegany Senecas and Kinzua Dam: Forced Relocation Through Two Generations
| publisher = University of Nebraska Press
| location = Lincoln
| isbn = 978-0-8032-1282-4
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
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| last2 = Lang
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| year = 2005
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| publisher = Rowman & Littlefield
| location = Lanham, Md.
| isbn = 978-0-7425-4221-1
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Bryant
| first = Nick
| year = 2006
| month = Autumn
| title = Black Man Who Was Crazy Enough to Apply to Ole Miss
| journal = The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education
| issue = 53
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book| last = Bugliosi| first = Vincent| authorlink = Vincent Bugliosi| title = [[Reclaiming History|Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy]]| year = 2007| publisher = Norton |location=New York | isbn = 978-0-393-04525-3| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
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| authorlink = Robert Dallek
| year = 2003
| title = [[An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963]]
| publisher = Little, Brown and Co
| location = Boston, MA
| isbn = 978-0-316-17238-7
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
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| first = Robert J.
| authorlink = Robert J. Donovan
| year = 2001
| origyear = 1961
| title = PT-109: John F. Kennedy in WW II
| edition = 40th Anniversary
| publisher = McGraw Hill
| isbn = 978-0-07-137643-3
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
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| authorlink1 = Jim Dunnigan
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| authorlink2 = Albert Nofi
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| title = Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War
| publisher = St. Martin's
| isbn = 978-0-312-19857-2
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
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| location = Dulles, Virginia
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| ref = harv
}}
*{{cite book |ref=Eagles |last=Eagles |first=Charles W. |title=The Price of Defiance: James Meredith and the Integration of Ole Miss |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |location=[[University of North Carolina]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8078-3273-8}}
* {{cite book
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| ref = harv
}}
*{{cite book |ref=Gelfand |last=Gelfand |first=Mark I. |title=Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct |publisher=Delacorte Press |editor=C. Vann Woodward |location=[[New York City|New York]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-440-05923-2}}
*Gleijeses, Piero. "Ships in the Night: The CIA, the White House and the Bay of Pigs". ''Journal of Latin American Studies'', Feb., 1995, Vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 1–42 (via [[JSTOR]]) ISSN 0022-216X
* {{cite book
| last = Gunston
| first = Bill
| year = 1978
| title = F-111
| publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons
| isbn = 0-684-15753-5
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
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| first = Wesley
| year = 1998
| title = Presidential Sex: From the Founding Fathers to Bill Clinton
| publisher = Citadel Pr.
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| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
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| first = Burton
| year = 2007
| title = Bobby and J. Edgar: The Historic Face-Off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover That Transformed America
| publisher = Basic Books
| isbn = 978-0-7867-1982-2
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
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| first = Elizabeth
| year = 2005
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| publisher = Random House
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-375-72073-4
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Karnow
| first = Stanley
| authorlink = Stanley Karnow
| year = 1991
| title = Vietnam, A History
| publisher = Penguin
| isbn = 978-0-670-74604-0
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Kempe
| first = Frederick
| authorlink = Frederick Kempe
| year = 2011
| title = Berlin 1961
| publisher = G.P. Putnam's Sons
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-399-15729-5
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Kenney
| first = Charles
| year = 2000
| title = John F. Kennedy: The Presidential Portfolio
| publisher = PublicAffairs
| isbn = 978-1-891620-36-2
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Leaming
| first = Barbara
| year = 2006
| title = Jack Kennedy: The Education of a Statesman
| publisher = W. W. Norton
| isbn = 978-0-393051-61-2
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Maier
| first = Thomas
| year = 2004
| title = The Kennedys: America's Emerald Kings
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = McNamara
| first = Robert S.
| authorlink = Robert McNamara
| year = 2000
| title = Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Matthews
| first = Chris
| year = 2011
| title = Jack Kennedy
| publisher = Simon & Schuster
| isbn = 978-1-4516-3508-9
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = O'Brien
| first = Michael
| year = 2005
| title = John F. Kennedy: A Biography
| publisher = Thomas Dunne
| isbn = 978-0-312-28129-8
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Osborne
| first = Robert
| year = 2006
| title = Leading Ladies: The 50 Most Unforgettable Actresses of the Studio Era
| publisher = Chronicle Books
| isbn = 978-0811852487
| ref = harv
}}
*{{cite book |ref=Prouty |last=Prouty |first=Leroy Fletcher |title=JFK: The CIA, Vietnam, and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc |location=[[Delaware State|Delaware]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-61608-291-8}}
* {{cite book
| last = Reeves
| first = Richard
| authorlink = Richard Reeves (American writer)
| year = 1993
| title = President Kennedy: Profile of Power
| publisher = Simon & Schuster
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-671-64879-4
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
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| first = Jermey
| year = 2008
| title = The Unmaking of the Middle East: A History of Western Disorder in Arab lands
| publisher = University of California Press
| location = Berkeley, CA
| isbn = 978-0-520-25551-7
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Schlesinger
| first = Arthur M. Jr
| authorlink = Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
| title = [[A Thousand Days (book)|A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House]]
| origyear = 1965
| year = 2002
| publisher = Houghton Mifflin
| location = Boston
| isbn = 978-0-618-21927-8
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
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| first = Theodore
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| title = Kennedy
| publisher = Bantam
| location = New York
| format = paperback
| origyear = 1965
| year = 1966
| oclc = 2746832
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
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| first = Spencer
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| publisher = ABC-CLIO
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| year = 2011
| isbn = 978-1851099603
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
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| publisher = Addison, Wesley, Longman
| year = 2000
| isbn = 0-321-07038-0
| ref = harv
}}
{{refend}}
== Historiografi ==
* Abramson, Jill. "Kennedy, the Elusive President," [http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/27/books/review/the-elusive-president.html?nl=books&emc=edit_bk_20131025&pagewanted=all ''New York Times Sunday Book Review'' Oct 22, 2013], notes that 40,000 books have been published about JFK
* Hellmann, John. ''The Kennedy Obsession: The American Myth of JFK'' (1997)
== Bacaan lanjutan ==
* Brauer, Carl. ''John F. Kennedy and the Second Reconstruction'' (1977)
* Burner, David. ''John F. Kennedy and a New Generation'' (1988)
* Casey, Shaun. ''The Making of a Catholic President: Kennedy vs. Nixon 1960'' (2009)
* Collier, Peter & Horowitz, David. ''The Kennedys'' (1984)
* Cottrell, John. ''Assassination! The World Stood Still'' (1964)
* {{cite book| last = Douglass| first = James W.| authorlink = James W. Douglass| title =JFK and the Unspeakable: Why He Died and Why It Matters| year = 2008|location=Maryknoll, N.Y| publisher = Orbis Books| isbn = 978-1-57075-755-6}}
* Fay, Paul B., Jr. ''The Pleasure of His Company'' (1966)
* Freedman, Lawrence. ''Kennedy's Wars: Berlin, Cuba, Laos and Vietnam'' (2000)
* Fursenko, Aleksandr and Timothy Naftali. ''One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro and Kennedy, 1958–1964'' (1997)
* Giglio, James. ''The Presidency of John F. Kennedy'' (1991)
* Hamilton, Nigel. ''JFK: Reckless Youth'' (1992)
* Harper, Paul, and Krieg, Joann P. eds. ''John F. Kennedy: The Promise Revisited'' (1988)
* Harris, Seymour E. ''The Economics of the Political Parties, with Special Attention to Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy'' (1962)
* Heath, Jim F. ''Decade of Disillusionment: The Kennedy–Johnson Years'' (1976)
* Hersh, Seymour. ''The Dark Side of Camelot'' (1997)
* Kunz, Diane B. ''The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations during the 1960s'' (1994)
* Lynch, Grayston L. ''Decision for Disaster Betrayal at the Bay of Pigs'' (2000)
* Manchester, William. ''Portrait of a President: John F. Kennedy in Profile'' (1967)
* {{cite book| last = Manchester| first = William| authorlink = William Manchester| title =[[The Death of a President|The Death of a President: November 20-November 25, 1963]]| year = 1967| publisher =Harper & Row|location=New York| lccn= 67010496}}
* [[John M. Newman|Newman, John M.]] ''JFK and Vietnam: Deception, Intrigue, and the Struggle for Power'' (1992)
* Parmet, Herbert. ''Jack: The Struggles of John F. Kennedy'' (1980)
* Parmet, Herbert. ''JFK: The Presidency of John F. Kennedy'' (1983)
* Parmet, Herbert. "The Kennedy Myth". In ''Myth America: A Historical Anthology, Volume II''. Gerster, Patrick, and Cords, Nicholas. (editors.) (1997)
* Piper, Michael Collins. ''Final Judgment'' (2004: sixth edition). American Free Press
* Reeves, Thomas. ''A Question of Character: A Life of John F. Kennedy'' (1991); hostile biography
* [[Larry Sabato|Sabato, Larry J.]] ''The Kennedy Half-Century: The Lasting Legacy of John F. Kennedy'' (forthcoming, 2013)
* Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr. ''Robert Kennedy And His Times'' (2002) [1978]
* Smith, Jean E. ''The Defense of Berlin'' (1963)
* Smith, Jean E. ''The Wall as Watershed'' (1966)
* Walsh, Kenneth T. ''Air Force One: A History of the Presidents and Their Planes'' (2003)
* Wyden, Peter, ''Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story'' (1979)
===Sumber primer===
* Goldzwig, Steven R. and Dionisopoulos, George N., eds. ''In a Perilous Hour: The Public Address of John F. Kennedy'' (1995)
* [[Jacqueline Kennedy|Kennedy, Jacqueline]]. ''Jacqueline Kennedy: Historic Conversations on Life with John F. Kennedy'' (2011). [[Hyperion Books]]. ISBN 1401324258.
== Pranala luar ==
{{sister project links}}
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/kennedy/index.html John F. Kennedy: A Resource Guide] from the Library of Congress
*[http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?170606 JFK Original Personal Correspondence and Documents] Shapell Manuscript Foundation
* {{discogs artist|John F. Kennedy}}
* {{CongLinks
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| imdb = 448123
| ontheissuespath = John_F__Kennedy.htm
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* [http://www.electricdisk.com/downloads/1963_11_22_ATC_JFK_Tape.mp3 1963 ATC Audio—(Air Traffic Control) Unedited]
* [http://www.americanbooktour.com/book_reclaiming_history_part_2.asp Video of Vincent Bugliosi discussing JFK assassination]
* [http://millercenter.virginia.edu/scripps/digitalarchive/presidentialrecordings/kennedy/index Kennedy's secret White House recordings, the Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia]
* [http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkinaugural.htm Video, audio, text of John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address]
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=zkzjodKAQhA Kennedy discusses Cuban Missile Crisis with former President Eisenhower]
* [http://www.jfklibrary.org/ John F. Kennedy Library]
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnfkennedy/ The White House Biography]
* [http://www.thekennedys.de/ The Kennedys museum in Berlin, Germany with special exhibit on Kennedy's visit]
* [http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/33jfk/33jfk.htm ''Birthplace of John F. Kennedy: Home of the Boy Who Would Be President,'' a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places lesson plan]
* [http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/kennedy Essay on JFK] with shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
* [http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/kennedy Kennedy Administration] from Office of the Historian, [[United States Government Printing Office]], Washington, D.C.
* [http://radiotapes.com/specialpostings.html Six hours of coverage of the assassination of President Kennedy as broadcast on WCCO-AM Radio (Minneapolis) and CBS Radio]
*[http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/Archives/JFKPPP-64.aspx The U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy Story] an early film made for his 1958 reelection campaign by his then-press secretary Bob Thompson.
* {{Find a Grave|574|accessdate=November 17, 2013}}
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Presiden Amerika Serikat ke-35
| DATE OF BIRTH = 29 Mei 1917
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| PLACE OF DEATH = Dallas, Texas, Amerika Serikat
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