Jam Kiamat: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
||
Baris 17:
==Perubahan waktu==
Pada tahun 1947, selama [[Perang Dingin]], jam tersebut dimulai tujuh menit sampai tengah malam, dan kemudian maju atau mundur sesuai keadaan dunia dan prospek perang nuklir. Pengaturan Jam yang ditentukan oleh ''Science and Security Board'' di ''Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists'' dan merupakan tambahan untuk esai dalam ''Bulletin'' pada urusan global. Jam tersebut tidak diatur tepat saat peristiwa terjadi. Alih-alih menanggapi setiap krisis seperti yang terjadi, ''Science and Security Board'' bertemu dua kali setiap tahun untuk membahas peristiwa-peristiwa global dengan cara musyawarah. Ancaman perang nuklir terbesar, [[Krisis Misil Kuba]] tahun 1962, mencapai krisis, klimaks, dan resolusi sebelum jam dapat diatur untuk mencerminkan bahwa 'kiamat' mungkin akan terjadi.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;clear:left; "
|+ Garis waktu Jam Kiamat
! width="5%"| Tahun
! width="5%"| Menit tersisa
! width="5%"| Waktu
! width="5%"| Perubahan
! Alasan
|-
| 1947 || '''7''' || 23:53 || — ||align="left"| Pengaturan pertama pada Jam Kiamat.
|-
| 1949 || '''3''' || 23:57 ||style="color:firebrick"| +4 ||align="left"| [[Proyek bom atom Soviet|Uni Soviet menguji]] [[bom atom]] pertamanya, menandakan awal mula perlombaan senjata nuklir.
|-
| 1953 || '''2''' || 23:58 ||style="color:firebrick"| +1 ||align="left"| Amerika Serikat dan [[Uni Soviet]] menguji perangkat termonuklir satu sama lain selama sembilan bulan. (Ini merupakan waktu terdekat dengan tengah malam sejak peluncurannya.)
|-
| 1960 || '''7''' || 23:53 ||style="color:green"| −5 ||align="left"| Sebagai tanggapan terhadap persepsi kerjasama ilmiah dan peningkatan pemahaman masyarakat tentang bahaya senjata nuklir, serta tindakan politik untuk menghindari "pembalasan besar-besaran", Amerika Serikat dan Uni Soviet bekerja sama dan menghindari konfrontasi langsung dalam konflik regional seperti [[Krisis Suez]] 1956. Para ilmuwan dari berbagai negara membantu mendirikan [[Tahun Geofisika Internasional]], rangkaian pengamatan ilmiah terkoordinasi tingkat dunia antara negara-negara yang bersekutu, baik dengan Amerika Serikat maupun Uni Soviet, dan [[Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs]] (Konferensi Pugwash pada Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Urusan Dunia), yang memungkinkan para ilmuwan Soviet dan Amerika untuk berinteraksi.
|-
| 1963 || '''12''' || 23:48 ||style="color:green"| −5 ||align="left"| Amerika Serikat dan Uni Soviet menandatangani [[Partial Test Ban Treaty]], membatasi pengujian nuklir atmosfer.
|-
| 1968 || '''7''' || 23:53 ||style="color:firebrick"| +5 ||align="left"| Perang regional: [[Perang Vietnam]] meningkat, [[Perang Enam Hari]] terjadi pada tahun 1967 dan [[Perang Indo-Pakistan 1965]] berlangsung. Parahnya lagi, Prancis dan Cina, dua negara yang belum menandatangani ''Partial Test Ban Treaty'', memperoleh dan menguji senjata nuklir (masing-masing tahun 1960 (uji coba nuklir [[Gerboise Bleue]]) dan 1964 ([[596 (uji coba nuklir)|uji coba nuklir 596]]) ) untuk menegaskan diri sebagai pemain global dalam perlombaan senjata nuklir.
|-
| 1969 || '''10''' || 23:50 ||style="color:green"| −3 ||align="left"| Semua negara di dunia, kecuali [[India]], [[Pakistan]], dan [[Israel]], menandatangani [[Perjanjian Nonproliferasi Nuklir]].
|-
| 1972 || '''12''' || 23:48 ||style="color:green"| −2 ||align="left"| Amerika Serikat dan Uni Soviet menandatangani [[SALT I]] (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) dan [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]].
|-
| 1974 || '''9''' || 23:51 ||style="color:firebrick"| +3 ||align="left"| India menguji perangkat nuklir ([[Smiling Buddha]]), SALT II talks stall. Both the United States and the Soviet Union modernize [[multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle|MIRVs]]
|-
| 1980 || '''7''' || 23:53 ||style="color:firebrick"| +2 ||align="left"| Unforeseeable end to deadlock in American–Soviet talks as [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]] proceeds. As a result of the war, the US Senate refuses to ratify [[SALT II]] agreement between both nations and President [[Jimmy Carter]] pulls the United States from the [[1980 Summer Olympic Games]] in Moscow and considers ways in which the United States could win a nuclear war
|-
| 1981 || '''4''' || 23:56 ||style="color:firebrick"| +3 ||align="left"| [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]] hardens the US nuclear posture. [[Ronald Reagan]] becomes president, scraps further arms control talks with the Soviet Union and argues that the only way to end the Cold War is to win it.
|-
| 1984 || '''3''' || 23:57 ||style="color:firebrick"| +1 ||align="left"| Further escalation of the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union.
|-
| 1988 || '''6''' || 23:54 ||style="color:green"| −3 ||align="left"| The United States and the Soviet Union sign [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty|treaty to eliminate intermediate-range nuclear forces]], relations improve.
|-
| 1990 || '''10''' || 23:50 ||style="color:green"| −4 ||align="left"| Fall of the [[Berlin Wall]], dissolution of [[Iron Curtain]] sealing off Eastern Europe, [[Cold War]] nearing an end.
|-
| 1991 || '''17''' || 23:43 ||style="color:green"| −7 ||align="left"| United States and Soviet Union sign the [[START I|Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty]]. (This is the clock's earliest setting since its inception.)
|-
| 1995 || '''14''' || 23:46 ||style="color:firebrick"| +3 ||align="left"| Global military spending continues at Cold War levels; concerns about post-Soviet nuclear proliferation of weapons and brainpower.
|-
| 1998 || '''9''' || 23:51 ||style="color:firebrick"| +5 ||align="left"| Both India ([[Pokhran-II]]) and Pakistan ([[Chagai-I]]) test nuclear weapons in a [[tit-for-tat]] show of aggression; the United States and Russia run into difficulties in further reducing stockpiles.
|-
| 2002 || '''7''' || 23:53 ||style="color:firebrick"| +2 ||align="left"| Little progress on global nuclear disarmament; United States rejects a series of arms control treaties and announces its intentions to withdraw from the [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]]; concerns about the possibility of a nuclear terrorist attack due to the amount of weapon-grade nuclear materials that are unsecured and unaccounted for worldwide.
|-
| 2007 || '''5''' || 23:55 ||style="color:firebrick"| +2 ||align="left"| [[North Korean missile tests|North Korea's test]] of a nuclear weapon,<ref>{{cite web |title=The North Korean nuclear test | publisher=[http://thebulletin.org "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists"] |year=2009 |url=http://thebulletin.org/web-edition/special-topics/the-north-korean-nuclear-test |accessdate=2009-08-04}}</ref> [[Nuclear program of Iran|Iran's nuclear ambitions]], a renewed American emphasis on the military utility of nuclear weapons, the failure to adequately secure nuclear materials, and the continued presence of some 26,000 nuclear weapons in the United States and [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebulletin.org/content/media-center/announcements/2007/01/17/doomsday-clock-moves-two-minutes-closer-to-midnight|title="Doomsday Clock" Moves Two Minutes Closer To Midnight|date=2007-01-17|accessdate=2007-01-17|publisher=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists}}</ref> Some scientists, assessing the dangers posed to civilization, have added [[climate change]] to the prospect of nuclear annihilation as the greatest threats to humankind.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16670686/|title=Nukes, climate push 'Doomsday Clock' forward|date=2012-01-15|accessdate=2012-01-15|publisher=MSNBC}}</ref>
|-
| 2010 || '''6''' || 23:54 ||style="color:green"| −1 ||align="left"| Worldwide cooperation to reduce nuclear arsenals and limit effect of climate change.<ref name="BAS, Timeline, 2010, +1 to 6" >{{cite web
|title=Timeline of the Doomsday Clock
|url=http://www.thebulletin.org/content/doomsday-clock/timeline
|publisher=[http://www.thebulletin.org/ Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]
|ref=BAS, Timeline
}}</ref> [[New START]] agreement is ratified by both the United States and Russia and more negotiations for further reductions in the American and Russian nuclear arsenal are already planned. [[2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] in Copenhagen, Denmark results in the developing and industrialized countries agreeing to take responsibility for carbon emissions and to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius.
|-
| 2012 || '''5''' || 23:55 ||style="color:firebrick"| +1 ||align="left"| Lack of global political action to address nuclear weapons stockpiles, the potential for regional nuclear conflict, nuclear power safety, and global climate change.<ref name="2012PressRelease" />
|-
|}
{{clear}}
==Lihat pula==
| |||