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The Romans welcomed new gods into the [[Pantheon, Rome|pantheon]]. But more important than belief in some or none of the gods was participation in Roman rituals. For example, Christians were not persecuted for believing in one God, nor were they persecuted for disbelieving in the [[Pantheon (gods)|pantheon]] of [[Roman gods|roman gods]]. Instead, they were persecuted because they refused to participate in civic and public rituals and duty, such as their refusal to burn incense to the Roman emperor. Deviation from the official norm amounted to [[impiety]]: heresy was foreign to the pagan worldview.

 

Urgent concerns with the uniformity of belief and practice have characterized Christianity from the outset. The process of establishing orthodox Christianity was set in full swing when Paul wrote the epistles that comprise a large part of the New Testament. On many occasions in Paul's epistles, he defends his own apostleship, and urges Christians in various places to beware of false teachers, or of anything contrary to what was handed to them by him. The epistles of John and Jude also warn of false teachers, as does the writer of the ''[[Book of Revelation]]''.

 

See also [[Manichaeism]], a pre-Christian religion that influenced early Christians, notably Augustine, often in ways held to be heretical.

 

Heresy is defined by [[Thomas Aquinas]] as "a species of infidelity in men who, having professed the [[faith]] of Christ, corrupt its [[dogma]]s." The [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] teaches that its doctrines are the authoritative understandings of the faith taught by Christ and that the Holy Spirit protects the Church from falling into error when teaching these doctrines. To deny one or more of those doctrines, therefore, is to deny the faith of Christ. Heresy is both the nonorthodox belief itself, and the act of holding to that belief.

 

 

Some significant controversies of doctrine have risen over the course of history. At times there have been many heresies over single points of doctrine, particularly in regard to the nature of the [[Trinity]], the doctrine of [[transubstantiation]] and the [[immaculate conception]].

 

# the heretic impenitent and not relapsed (for the first time)

# the heretic impenitent and relapsed (for the first time was penitent now is impenitent)

Since the Church doesn't thirst for blood ''(ecclesia non sitit sanguinem)'', the first four types were all delivered over to the secular arm. The state usually immediately punished heresy with [[death sentence]]. The longest delay could be five days. The custom that the impenitent heretics (the first two types) were cast into the flames alive and the penitent (the third type) were first strangled or hanged and then burned was not always observed.

 

The Church has always fought in favor of orthodoxy and the [[Pope|Pope's]] authority as the successor of [[St. Peter]] to determine truth. At various times in history, it has had varying degrees of power to resist or punish heretics, once it had defined them.

 

The development of the [[printing press]] greatly hampered the ability of the church to suppress dissidents, with the result that [[Martin Luther]] was able to successfully fight the Papacy and forge the [[Protestant Reformation]].

 

The Catholic Church, in the spirit of ecumenism, tends not to refer to [[Protestantism]] as a heresy nowadays, even if the teachings of Protestantism are indeed heretical from a Catholic perspective. Modern usage favors referring to Protestants as "separated brethren" rather than "heretics", although the latter is still on occasion used vis-a-vis Catholics who abandon their Church to join a Protestant denomination. Many Catholics consider Protestantism to be material rather than formal heresy, and thus non-culpable.

 

Some of the doctrines of Protestantism that the Catholic Church considers heretical are the belief that the [[Bible]] is the only source and rule of faith ("[[sola scriptura]]"), that faith alone can lead to salvation ("[[sola fide]]") and that there is no sacramental, ministerial priesthood attained by ordination, but only a universal priesthood of all believers, as first introduced by Luther.

 

The main meaning of 'heresy' to a Protestant is the concept of telling lies about God. It is not at its core a matter of opposing the authorities (though, like all authorities religious or otherwise, Protestant leaders often invoke the concepts of heresy and [[apostasy]] to defend themselves from attack). Protestants chose the difficult course of action, to try to steer a middle course between (1) respecting God enough to care that humans tell the truth about God, and (2) being tolerant and loving of those who honestly see things differently, giving them an open ear because there might be something to learn from them. Protestants who seek to reestablish what they see as ancestral Christian principles -- i.e. [[Fundamentalism|Fundamentalists]] -- sometimes refer to Catholicism (or indeed other Protestant groups) as heretical. One aspect of Catholicism many Protestants regard as heresy against original Christianity is the [[Veneration of saints|veneration of the saints]], and in particular the [[cultus]] of the [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]]. Another is the doctrine of [[transubstantiation]], the event where the bread and wine at Mass becomes the Body and Blood of Christ.

 

[[Orthodox Judaism]] considers views departing from the traditional [[Jewish principles of faith]] to be heretical. In addition, Orthodox Judaism holds that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of [[Maimonides]]'s 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Reconstructionist Judaism]] to be heretical movements, and regards most of [[Conservative Judaism]] as heretical. The liberal wing of [[Modern Orthodox Judaism|Modern Orthodoxy]] is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right wing, as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups.

 

It is noteworthy, however, that Abraham ben David, in his critical notes, objects to Maimonides characterizing as heretics all those who attribute corporeality to God; and he insinuates that the [[Kabbalah|Kabbalists]] are not heretics. In the same sense all Biblical critics who, like [[Ibn Ezra]] in his notes on Deut. i. 2, doubt or deny the Mosaic origin of every portion of the Pentateuch, would protest against this Maimonidean (or Talmudic; see Sanh. 99a) conception of heresy. See Apikoros; Articles of Faith; Judaism; Gnosticism. K.

 

The status of heretics in Jewish law is not clearly defined. While there are certain regulations scattered throughout the Talmud concerning the minim, the nearest approach to the English term "heretic," these are mostly of a haggadic nature, the codes taking little cognizance of them. The governing bodies of the Synagogue frequently exercised, from motives of self-defense, their power of excommunication against heretics. The heretic was excluded from a portion in the world to come (Maimonides, "Yad," Teshubah, iii. 6-14); he was consigned to [[Gehenna]], to eternal [[punishment]] (R. H. 17a; comp. Ex. R. xix. 5; see Apikoros, and compare D. Hoffmann, "Der Schulchan Aruch und die Rabbinen über das Verhältnis der Juden zu Andersgläubigen," 2d ed., Berlin, 1894); but the Jewish courts of justice never attended to cases of heresy; they were left to the judgment of the community.

 

There are, however, in the rabbinic codes, laws and regulations concerning the relation of the Jew to the heretic. The sentiment against the heretic was much stronger than that against the pagan. While the pagan brought his offerings to the Temple in Jerusalem and the priests accepted them, the sacrifices of the heretic were not accepted (Ḥul. 13b, et al.). The relatives of the heretic did not observe the laws of mourning after his death, but donned festive garments, and ate and drank and rejoiced (Sem. ii. 10; "Yad," Ebel, i. 5, 6; Yoreh De'ah, 345, 5). Scrolls of the Law, tefillin, and mezuzot written by a heretic were burned (Git. 45b; Shulḥan 'Aruk, Oraḥ Ḥayyim, 39, 1; Yoreh De'ah, 281, 1); and an animal slaughtered by a heretic was forbidden food (Ḥul. 13a; Yoreh De'ah, 2, 5). Books written by heretics did not render the hands impure ("Yad," She'ar Abot ha-Tum'ot, ix. 10; comp. Yad. iv. 6; see Purity); they might not be saved from fire on the Sabbath (Shab. 116a; Oraḥ Ḥayyim, 334, 21). A heretic's testimony was not admitted in evidence in Jewish courts (Ḥoshen Mishpat, 34, 22; see "Be'er ha-Golah" ad loc.); and if an Israelite found an object belonging to a heretic, he was forbidden to return it to him (Ḥoshen Mishpat 266, 2).

 

The "mumar le-hak'is" (one who transgresses the Law, not for personal advantage, but out of defiance and spite) was placed by some of the Rabbis in the same category as the minim ('Ab. Zarah 26a; Hor. 11a). Even if he habitually transgressed one law only (for example, if he defiantly violated one of the dietary laws), he was not allowed to perform any religious function (Yoreh De'ah, 2, 5; SHaK and "Pitḥe Teshubah," ad loc.), nor could he testify in a Jewish court (Sanh. 27a; "Yad," 'Edut, x. 3; Ḥoshen Mishpat, 34, 2). One who violated the Sabbath publicly or worshiped idols could not participate in the "'erub ḥaẓerot" ('Er. 69a; "Yad," 'Erubin, ii. 16; Orach Ḥayyim, 385, 3; see 'Erub), nor could he write a bill of divorce (Shulḥan 'Aruk, Eben ha-'Ezer, 123, 2). One who would not permit himself to be circumcised could not perform the ceremony on another (Yoreh De'ah, 264, 1, Isserles' gloss). While the court could not compel the mumar to divorce his wife, even though she demanded it, it compelled him to support her and her children and to pay her an allowance until he agreed to a divorce (Eben ha-'Ezer, 154, 1, and "Pitḥe Teshubah," ad loc.). At his death those who are present need not tear their garments (Yoreh De'ah, 340, 5, and "Pitche Teshubah," ad loc.). The mumar who repented and desired readmittance into the community was obliged to take a ritual bath, the same as the proselyte (Yoreh De'ah, 268, 12, Isserles' gloss, and "Pitche Teshubah," ad loc.; comp. "Sefer Hasidim," ed. Wistinetzki, §§ 200-209). If he claimed to be a good Jew, although he was alleged to have worshiped idols in another town, he was believed when no benefit could have accrued to him from such a course.

 

The two main bodies of [[Islam]] are the [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]] and the [[Shi'a Islam|Shi'as]]. These main denominations view each other as heretical. Groups like the [[Sufi]]s, the [[Harufi]] and the [[Bektashi]] are sometimes regarded as heretical. Although Sufism is often accepted as valid by Sunnis, [[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalist]] Sunni movements like [[Wahhabism]] view it as heretical.

 

Both the [[Ahmadiyya]] and the [[Nation of Islam]] are regarded by many [[Muslim]] [[Ulema]] as being [[apostate]], but in the case of the [[Ahmadiyya]] movement, attitudes towards designating the sect apostatical, heretical or Islamic differ depending on region or Islamic schools of thought. In [[Pakistan]], where most Ahmadis live, the state consider the group to be apostatical; whereas in the neighbouring state of [[Iran]], the same group is considered to fall within the bounds of Islamic belief. Another example concerning the Ahmadiyya movement is group is the [[Al-Azhar University|Al-Azhar Islamic University]] in [[Egypt]], which accepts a certain Ahmadi belief concerning the nature of prophethood in Islam, which is considered by other schools as being heretical, to fall within Islamic jurisdiction.

 

Today, ''heresy'' can be without a religious context as the holding of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Religion is not a necessary component of the term's definition. [http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn2.0?stage=1&word=heresy] For example, [[Charles Darwin]] of [[natural selection]] fame was considered a heretic of his day. Other people considered heretics were [[Isaac Newton]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Copernicus]], and many others. The revisionist [[paleontologist]] [[Robert T. Bakker]], who published his findings as ''The Dinosaur Heresies'', jokingly treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as the [[dogma]] of a religion.

 

In modern American history, the term heresy has been applied in the United States to the position of those Catholic politicians and voters who publicly and obstinately profess the civil right to choose abortion. In July 2004, the group De Fide achieved wide notoriety when it coined the expression "Right-to-Murder Heresy" in reference to abortion. It and 3,000 other Catholics filed the first "class-action" denunciation for heresy against Senator John F. Kerry, soon followed by more denunciations against four other well-known Republican and Democrat senators also pro-choice.

 

 

== Lihat pula ==