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A concern for uniform practice of ritual, which Romans conceived as a duty entirely of a civic and public nature, distinguished the Roman approach to religion from the Greeks', where each locality preserved its archaic characteristics. [[Plutarch]], in his ''Life of [[Numa Pompilius]]'' ascribes to the legendary [[King of Rome]] the institution of ''[[pontifex maximus]]'' which, from Plutarch's 2nd century AD point of view "was to declare and interpret the divine law, or, rather, to preside over sacred rites; he not only prescribed rules for public ceremony, but regulated the sacrifices of private persons, not suffering them to vary from established custom, and giving information to every one of what was requisite for purposes of worship or supplication." ▼
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▲| A concern for uniform practice of ritual, which Romans conceived as a duty entirely of a civic and public nature, distinguished the Roman approach to religion from the Greeks', where each locality preserved its archaic characteristics. [[Plutarch]], in his ''Life of [[Numa Pompilius]]'' ascribes to the legendary [[King of Rome]] the institution of ''[[pontifex maximus]]'' which, from Plutarch's 2nd century AD point of view "was to declare and interpret the divine law, or, rather, to preside over sacred rites; he not only prescribed rules for public ceremony, but regulated the sacrifices of private persons, not suffering them to vary from established custom, and giving information to every one of what was requisite for purposes of worship or supplication."
The Romans welcomed new gods into the [[Pantheon, Rome|pantheon]]. But more important than belief in some or none of the gods was participation in Roman rituals. For example, Christians were not persecuted for believing in one God, nor were they persecuted for disbelieving in the [[Pantheon (gods)|pantheon]] of [[Roman gods|roman gods]]. Instead, they were persecuted because they refused to participate in civic and public rituals and duty, such as their refusal to burn incense to the Roman emperor. Deviation from the official norm amounted to [[impiety]]: heresy was foreign to the pagan worldview.
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▲! Early Christian heresies
Urgent concerns with the uniformity of belief and practice have characterized Christianity from the outset. The process of establishing orthodox Christianity was set in full swing when Paul wrote the epistles that comprise a large part of the New Testament. On many occasions in Paul's epistles, he defends his own apostleship, and urges Christians in various places to beware of false teachers, or of anything contrary to what was handed to them by him. The epistles of John and Jude also warn of false teachers, as does the writer of the ''[[Book of Revelation]]''.
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