Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
||
Baris 3:
'''Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow''' adalah sebuah pesawat tempur pencegat dengan [[sayap delta]], yang diciptakan oleh perusahaan Avro Aircraft Limited (Canada) di Malton, Ontario pada tahun 1953-1959. Serangkaian lima pesawat uji berhasil diuji pada 1958-1959, tetapi program ini dihentikan pada tahun 1959 oleh Pemerintah Diefenbaker , yang keputusan kontroversial-nya menyebabkan banyak perdebatan politik dan kontroversi.
==Deskripsi==
Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow adalah pesawat pencegat bersayap delta, yang dirancang dan dibangun oleh Avro Canada sebagai puncak dari studi desain yang dimulai pada tahun 1953. Arrow dianggap telah menjadi prestasi teknis dan aerodinamis canggih untuk industri penerbangan Kanada.
CF-105 MK 2 mampu melesat dengan kecepatan hamper Mach 2 pada ketinggian 50.000 kaki (15.000 m) dan dimaksudkan sebagai pesawat buru sergap utama Angkatan Udara Royal Kanada pada tahun 1960 dan seterusnya.
Tahun 1958 tidak lama setelah program awal uji penerbangannya, pengembangan Arrow (termasuk mesin jet Orenda Iroquois nya) tiba-tiba dihentikan, memicu perdebatan politik yang panjang dan pahit. Kontroversi yang ditimbulkan oleh pembatalan dan penghancuran dari produksi pesawat tetap menjadi topik perdebatan di kalangan sejarawan, pengamat politik dan pakar industri.
Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow mungkin menjadi proyek pesawat paling kontroversial. Dirancang dan dibangun oleh Avro Canada pada pertengahan 1950-an, berdasarkan studi yang dilakukan oleh militer Kanada. Militer Kanada menyimpulkan dari studi mereka bahwa Soviet yang paling mungkin untuk menyerang daratan Amerika Utara dengan terbang di atas Kutub Utara menggunakan dan pembom kecepatan dan ketinggian tinggi. Cara yang paling efektif untuk memerangi ancaman ini adalah untuk mengembangkan pencegat yang tangguh.
Ketika awal Perang Dingin, Kanada muncul sebagai pemain utama dalam industri penerbangan, mampu memproduksi pesawat seperti Canadair F- 86 dan Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck.
Pada awal 1950-an, Kanada menemukan Angkatan Udara tidak memiliki pencegat supersonik. Sementara itu, para insinyur di Avro Canada yang sebagian adalah dari program CF-103 gagal. Meskipun program CF-103 adalah sebuah kegagalan, ilmuwan Kanada mendapatkan pengalaman berharga yang mempengaruhi dalam desain Arrow Avro. Seperti banyak pencegat periode waktu, pesawat ini besar, sayap delta dan dua mesin yang kuat. Pesawat menggunakan turbojet Orenda Iroquois Seri II. Pesawat ini hampir seratus persen buatan Kanada dan dipandang sebagai lambang industri kedirgantaraan negara tersebut. Tetapi pembatalan tiba-tiba terhadap program ini terjadi pada 20 Februari 1959 oleh Perdana Menteri Diefenbaker. Pembatalan mendadak tentu saja sangat mengejutkan. Langkah berikutnya dari Perdana Menteri bahkan lebih keterlaluan. Enam pesawat prototipe dan cetak biru mereka harus dipotong dan dihancurkan. Meskipun laporan resmi menyatakan bahwa semua prototipe dan peralatan terkait hancur, laporan tidak resmi mengatakan bahwa salah satu contoh dari Arrow Avro diam-diam diterbangkan ke pangkalan udara RAF Kent International, di Inggris.
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Refbegin|33em}}
* Abzug, Malcolm J. and E. Eugene Larrabee. ''Airplane Stability and Control: A History of the Technologies that made Aviation Possible.'' Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-521-80992-4.
* Anderson, John D. Jr. ''Fundamentals of Aerodynamics.'' New York: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering, Fifth Edition 2008, First Edition 1984. ISBN 1-4277-9659-9.
* Andrew, Christopher and Vasili Mitrokhin. ''The Mitrokhin Archive: The KGB in Europe and the West.'' Eastbourne, East Sussex, UK: Gardners Books, 2000. ISBN 0-14-028487-7.
* Bothwell, Robert and William Kilbourn. ''C.D. Howe: A Biography.'' Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1979. ISBN 0-7710-4535-2.
* Campagna, Palmiro. ''Storms of Controversy: The Secret Avro Arrow Files Revealed.'' Toronto: Stoddart, third paperback edition, 1998. ISBN 0-7737-5990-5.
* Campagna, Palmiro. ''Requiem for a Giant: A.V. Roe Canada and the Avro Arrow.'' Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2003. ISBN 1-55002-438-8.
* Dow, James. ''The Arrow.'' Toronto: James Lorimer and Company Publishers, 1979. ISBN 0-88862-282-1.
* Floyd, James. "The Canadian Approach to All-Weather Interceptor Development. The Fourteenth British Commonwealth Lecture." ''The Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society,'' Volume 62, no. 576, December 1958.
* French, Francis and Colin Burgess. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VykZgN3hZyoC&pg=PA196&dq=French+Avro+Arrow&hl=en&ei=PaGDTJDpItmhOLj1ycEO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Into that Silent Sea: Trailblazers of the Space Era, 1961–1965'' (Outward Odyssey: A People's History of Space).] Lincoln Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-8032-1146-9.
* Gainor, Chris. ''Arrows to the Moon: Avro's Engineers and the Space Race.'' Burlington, Ontario: Apogee, 2001. ISBN 1-896522-83-1.
* Gainor, Chris. ''Who Killed the Avro Arrow?'' Edmonton: Folklore Publishing, 2007. ISBN 978-1-894864-68-8.
* [[Bill Gunston|Gunston, Bill]]. ''Fighters of the Fifties''. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 1981. ISBN 0-933424-32-9.
* Isinger, Russell. "Flying Blind: The Politics Of The Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow Programme." ''The Evolution of Air Power in Canada 1919 to the Present Day and Beyond.'' Winnipeg: Department of National Defence, Papers presented at the 2nd Air Force Historical Conference, volume II, 1997.
* Isinger, Russell. "The Avro Arrow." ''Canada: Confederation to Present.'' CD-ROM. Edmonton: Chinook Multimedia Inc., 2001. ISBN 1-894785-00-2.
* Isinger, Russell. "The Avro Arrow." ''The Oxford Companion to Canadian History.'' Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-541559-0.
* Isinger, Russell. ''The Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow Programme: Decisions and Determinants.'' MA Thesis, University of Saskatchewan, 1997.
* Isinger, Russell and D.C. Story. "The Plane Truth: The Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow Programme." In ''The Diefenbaker Legacy: Politics, Law, and Society Since 1957.'' Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, 1980. ISBN 0-88977-091-3.
* Lukasiewicz, Julius. "Canada's Encounter with High-Speed Aeronautics." ''Technology and Culture. The International Quarterly Journal of the Society for the History of Technology,'' Volume 27, No. 2, April 1986.
* Milberry, Larry, ed. ''Sixty Years: The RCAF and CF Air Command 1924–1984''. Toronto: Canav Books, 1984. ISBN 0-9690703-4-9.
* Page, Ron, Richard Organ, Don Watson and Les Wilkinson (the "Arrowheads"). ''Avro Arrow: The Story of the Avro Arrow from its Evolution to its Extinction.'' Erin, Ontario: Boston Mills Press, 1979, reprinted Stoddart, 2004. ISBN 1-55046-047-1.
* Payne, Stephen. ''Canadian Wings: A Remarkable Century of Flight.'' Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2006. ISBN 978-1-55365-167-3.
* Peden, Murray. ''Fall of an Arrow.'' Toronto: Stoddart Publishing, 2003, First edition 1978. ISBN 0-7737-5105-X.
* Pigott, Peter. ''Flying Canucks II: Pioneers of Canadian Aviation.'' Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd, 1997. ISBN 0-88882-193-X
* Shaw, E.K. ''There Never was an Arrow.'' Toronto: Steel Rail Educational Publishing, 1979. ISBN 0-88791-025-4.
* Smye, Fred and Randy. ''Canadian Aviation and the Avro Arrow.'' Oakville, Ontario: Amazon/Kindle ebook, August 2014. ISBN 978-1-50054-599-4.
* Stewart, Greig. ''Arrow Through the Heart: The Life and Times of Crawford Gordon and the Avro Arrow.'' Toronto: McGraw-Hill-Ryerson, 1998. ISBN 0-07-560102-8.
* Stewart, Greig. ''Shutting Down the National Dream: A.V. Roe and the Tragedy of the Avro Arrow.'' Toronto: McGraw-Hill-Ryerson, 1991. ISBN 0-07-551119-3.
* Stursberg, Peter. ''Diefenbaker: Leadership Gained: 1956–62''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1975. ISBN 0-8020-2130-1.
* ''Supersonic Sentinel.'' Rare Avro Arrow film footage. Available from [http://www.avroarrow.org Arrow Digital Archives] (ARC); also includes extra footage of the Arrow in flight and some footage of the [[Avro Jetliner]] (1950).
* Valiquette, Marc-Andre. ''Destruction of a Dream: The Tragedy of Avro Canada and the CF-105 Arrow, Volume 1.'' Montreal: Marc-Andre Valiquette (self-published), 2009. ISBN 978-2-9811239-0-9.
* Valiquette, Marc-Andre. ''Supersonic Dreams: At the Dawn of a New Era, Volume 2.'' Montreal: Marc-Andre Valiquette (self-published), 2010. ISBN 978-2-9811021-3-3.
* Whitcomb, Randall. ''Avro Aircraft and Cold War Aviation.'' St. Catharine's, Ontario: Vanwell, 2002. ISBN 1-55125-082-9.
* Whitcomb, Randall. ''Cold War Tech War. The Politics Of America's Air Defense.'' Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books, 2008. ISBN 1-894959-77-9.
* Zuk, Bill. ''The Avro Arrow Story: The Impossible Dream.'' Calgary: Altitude Publishing, 2006. ISBN 1-55439-703-0.
* Zuk, Bill. ''The Avro Arrow Story: The Revolutionary Airplane and its Courageous Test Pilots.'' Calgary: Altitude Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-55153-978-0.
* Zuk, Bill. ''Janusz Zurakowski: Legends in the Sky.'' St. Catharine's, Ontario: Vanwell, 2004. ISBN 1-55125-083-7.
* Zuuring, Peter. ''Arrow Countdown.'' Kingston, Ontario: Arrow Alliance Press, 2001. ISBN 1-55056-866-3.
* Zuuring, Peter. ''Arrow First Flight.'' Kingston, Ontario: Arrow Alliance Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55056-903-1.
* Zuuring, Peter. ''Arrow Rollout.'' Kingston, Ontario: Arrow Alliance Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55056-902-3.
* Zuuring, Peter. ''The Arrow Scrapbook.'' Kingston, Ontario: Arrow Alliance Press, 1999. ISBN 1-55056-690-3.
* Zuuring, Peter. ''Iroquois Rollout.'' Kingston, Ontario: Arrow Alliance Press, 2002. ISBN 1-55056-906-6.
{{Refend}}
* [http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/index-e.html ''Library and Archives Canada''] is the official repository of most government documents relating to the Avro CF-105 Arrow project, though there are many documents at the Department of National Defence's [http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/index-eng.asp ''Directorate of History and Heritage''] as well. Almost all Avro Arrow documents have now been declassified.
* ''There Never Was an Arrow'' was broadcast on the CBC in March 1980 (available as an extra on the Arrow Docu-Drama DVD). Clips from the program can be seen at [http://archives.cbc.ca/500f.asp?id=1-75-275-1416&wm6=1 ''CBC''].
{{Commons category|Avro CF-105 Arrow}}
* [http://ahfc.org/ ''Aerospace Heritage Foundation of Canada'']
* [http://www.avroarrow.org/ ''Arrow Digital Archives'']
* [http://www.histori.ca/minutes/minute.do?id=10220 ''Avro Arrow Historica Minute'']
* [http://www.avro-arrow.org ''Avro Arrow Home Page,'' the longest running Avro Arrow page]
* [http://www.aviation.technomuses.ca/ ''Canada Aviation and Space Museum,'' remains of the RL-206 Avro Arrow and other components on display]
* [http://www.casmuseum.org/gallery/view.php?gallery_id=19 ''Canadian Air and Space Museum,'' home of an Avro Arrow replica]
* [http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/science-technology/aviation/the-avro-arrow-canadas-broken-dream/unveiling-the-arrow.html ''CBC Digital Archives: The Avro Arrow, Canada's Broken Dream'']
* [http://www.canavbooks.com/Editorial/TheGreatArrowDebate.php/ "The Great Arrow Debate" editorial on canavbooks.com]
* [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1957/1957%20-%201559.html "ARROW - A World-leading Intercepter (sic) by Avro Aircraft"] a 1957 ''Flight'' article by [[Bill Gunston]]
* [http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/v2/equip/hst/arrow-eng.asp Royal Canadian Air Force - Avro CF-105 Arrow Mk.1]
* [http://zurakowskiavroarrow.weebly.com '''The Avro Arrow & her pilot J. Zurakowski''']
{{pesawat-stub}}
| |||