Knesset: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Knesset''' (<big>הכנסת</big>, dalam [[bahasa Ibrani]] berarti "perhimpunan" dalam bahasa Indonesia juga dikenal kata "kenisah") adalah sebutan untuk [[Parlemen]] [[Israel]]. Knesset terletak di [[Yerusalem]], yang dinyatakan sebagai [[ibu kota]] Israel.
Sebagai cabang legislatif dari pemerintah Israel, Knesset memberlakukan undang-undang, mengawasi pekerjaan pemerintah, dan mempunyai kuasa untuk memungut suara untuk menyingkirkan [[Presiden]] dan [[Pengawas Pemerintah]] (''State Comptroller'') dari jabatannya, membubarkan diri dengan meminta agar pemilihan umum diselenggarakan lebih awal, atau mengganti pemerintah dan perdana menterinya melalui mosi tidak percaya. Knesset pertama kali berhimpun pada [[14 Februari]] [[1949]].
Undang-undang yang disetujui oleh Knesset tidak boleh bertentangan dengan undang-undang yang mendasar, yang secara ''de facto'' merupakan Undang-Undang Dasar Israel. Namun di pihak lain Knesset juga berkuasa untuk menyetujui tambahan-tambahan pada undang-undang yang mendasar.
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One other effect of the use of [[party-list proportional representation]] is to cause the membership of the Knesset to be politically fragmented. Since no one party has ever achieved 61 seats (ie. greater than 50%) in the Knesset, all governments are made up of [[coalition government|coalitions]], very often containing a number of parties with only a few seats. This has meant that when the major parties like [[Likud]] and the [[Labour (Israel)|Israeli Labour Party]] want to try to form a government following an election they must negotiate with a variety of parties in an effort to form a [[Coalition government|coalition]] containing at least 61 seats. This typically results in compromises of policy and sometimes bizarre political couplings.
The [[Israeli politics|Israeli political system]] is widely regarded as giving disproportionately great power to the minor political parties, who become tie breakers. It has often been the case that the major parties have had to accept (sometimes extreme) minor parties into a coalition in order to be able to form a government. These minor parties are often able to [[veto]] and dictate major [[policy]] decisions by threatening to leave the coalition should their wishes not be followed, even contrary to the [[manifesto]] of the large parties and the most popular views of the Israeli public.
This situation has enabled [[extreme right]] wing parties, which have always been a political minority, to scuttle several promising peace initiatives over the last few decades, and prevented initiatives towards the separation of [[religion]] from the [[law]], for example by allowing secular marriage unaffiliated to any [[faith]], currently only officially sanctioned if performed abroad-(local marriage licenses must declare to be [[Jewish]], [[Muslim]], [[Christian]] or any of the other officially recognized religions). Although this issue is viewed favourably by an estimated 70% of Israelis (according to polls), so far it could not be implemented due to the power of small religious parties.
The largest parties, [[Labour (Israel)|Labour]] and the [[Likud]] are more secular in nature, somewhat comparable to the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] parties in the [[United States]], respectively, though the American parties do not have to contend with pressures from smaller factions. On religion versus [[secularism]] in [[Israel]], see also [[Israel#Politics and Law|Politics and Law of Israel]].
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The 16th Knesset (2003) had 18 women parliament members (15%) and 3 Government ministers (13%). The first (and only, so far) woman as [[Prime minister]] was [[Golda Meir]], from [[1969]] to [[1974]], who was also the third woman in the world in this role.
[[Basic Laws of Israel|Israeli law]] forbids parliament registration (i.e. standing for election) of anti-democratic, racist or anti-[[Zionist]] parties. This law was the basis for court disqualification of the [[extremist]] [[right wing]] [[Kach]] party in [[1988]], whose manifesto advocated forceful transfer of the [[Arab]] population out of [[Israel]], abolition of [[democracy]] and establishment of a religious [[theocracy]]. It has been argued by some on the Israeli right that all parties running for election be required to abide by a [[loyalty oath]] to the state of Israel as a Jewish and democratic state.
The First Knesset (assembled during the [[Israeli War of Independence|War of Independence]] in [[1949]]) had 3 Arab parliament members. Thereafter it has always included elected representatives among the Arab minority in Israel although in disproportionately small numbers (Arabs comprise about 20% of the population). This may be partly due to low voter participation rate inherent in that sector. There are also allegations of [[prejudice]].
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*Hakla`ut Ufituah<small>**</small> 1
<small>*</small>[[Mapam]] and Ahdut Ha'avodah-Po'alei Zion split in the course of the term, but the Knesset Parliamentary Group remained united.
<small>**</small>Minority lists associated with [[Mapai]]
===Composition of the 3rd Knesset Assembly (elected 1955)===
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*Hakla`ut Ufituah<small>*</small> 1
<small>*</small>Minority lists associated with [[Mapai]]
===Composition of the 5th Knesset Assembly (elected 1961)===
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*[[Po'alei Agudat Yisrael]] 2
*Shituf Ve`ahvah<small>*</small> 2
*Kidmah Ufituah<small>*</small> 2
<small>*</small>Minority lists associated with [[Mapai]]
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* [[Daftar Arab Bersatu]] 2
Pada [[November 2005]], [[Amir Peretz]] terpilih sebagai pemimpin Partai Buruh dan Perdana Menteri [[Ariel Sharon]] membentuk Partai [[Kadima]] yang sentris, yang dengan segera mendapatkan dukungan dari anggota Knesset moderat dari berbagai partai. Semua ini menghasilkan perubahan drastis dalam komposisi Knesset, yang, pada Desember 2005, terdiri atas:
* [[Likud]] 25
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=== Komposisi Knesset ke-17 ([[Pemilihan legislatif Israel, 2006|terpilih]] 2006) ===
Komposisi Knesset ke-17 ditentukan oleh [[pemilihan legislatif Israel, 2006|pemilu 2006]]. Saat ini ada 18 partai yang terwakili diKnesset dalam 12 daftar (sebagian partai bertarung dalam pemilihan umum bersama-sama dalam daftar gabungan). Meskipun belum terjadi dalam sesi kali ini, pada setiap Knesset hingga sekarang partai-partai mengalami perpecahan selama masa kerja Knesset, yang menyebabkan terbentukya partai-partai baru atau anggota Knesset yang tidak berpartai (independen).
Partai-partai dalam Knesset sekarang dapat dilihat dalam tabel di bawah. Mereka yang ditulis dengan huruf tebal adalah bagian dari koalisi yang memerintah.
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[[Kategori:Politik di Israel]]
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