Bahasa Basque: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 39:
For example, the name of the [[Aran Valley]] (now a [[Gascon language|Gascon]]-speaking part of [[Catalonia]]) suggests Basque ''haran'', meaning "valley". However, the growing influence of [[Latin language|Latin]] began to drive Basque out from less mountainous areas of this region.
The [[Reconquista]] temporarily counteracted this tendency, when the Christian lords called on northern peoples — Basques, [[Asturia]]ns and [[Frank]]s — to colonize the new conquests. Later the Basque language came to be used mainly by peasants, while people in the cities preferred [[Castilian language|Castilian]], [[Gascon language|Gascon]], Navarrese Romance, [[French language|French]] or [[Latin]] for high education.
Basque experienced a rapid decline in Navarre during the 1800's. However, after [[Basque nationalism]] took the language as an identity sign, and with the establishment of autonomous governments, it has made a comeback. Basque-language schools have taken the language to areas like [[Encartaciones]] or the [[Navarrese Ribera]] where it may have never been natively spoken in historic times.
Baris 63:
[[Azkue]]'s ''gipuzkera osotua'' was the first attempt to create a Basque standard in 1935. It did not succeed, not even in Gipuzkoa where Batua is always preferred.
Along with Batua, ''Classical Labourdin'', like [[Pierre Laffite]]'s ''Navarro-Labourdin'' is the standard form of Lapurtera taught in some schools of Lapurdi and used on radio, church and by the newspaper [[Herria]].
A group (''Jakintza Baitha'', "Wisdom House") gathered around the academian [[Federico Krutwig]] preferred to base the standard on the Labourdin of [[Joannes Leyçarraga]]'s Protestant Bible and the first printed books in Basque.
Baris 104:
:"Martin buys the newspapers for me."
''Martin-ek'' is the agent (transitive subject), so it is marked with the ergative case ending ''-k'' (with an [[epenthesis|epenthetic]] ''-e-''). ''Egunkariak'' has an ''-ak'' ending which marks plural object (plural absolutive, direct object case). The verb is ''erosten dizkit'', in which ''erosten'' is a kind of gerund ("buying") and the auxiliary ''dizkit'' indicates:
* ''di-'' marks a verb with the equivalent of both a direct and an indirect object, in the present tense;
Baris 118:
:''Zuek egunkariak erosten dizkidazue''
The auxiliary verb is composed as di-zki-da-zue
( equivalent terms in European languages )
Baris 143:
The sound represented by ''j'' has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect: {{IPA|[j, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x]}} (the last one is typical of the Spanish Basque Country).
The vowel system is the same as Spanish for most speakers. It consists of five pure vowels, {{IPA|/i e a o u/}}.
Speakers of the Souletin dialect also have a sixth, front rounded vowel (represented in writing by ''ü'' but pronounced {{IPA|/ø/}}, much like a German ''ö''), as well as a set of contrasting nasalized vowels.
Baris 158:
''dd, ll, rr, ts, tt, tx, tz'' tidak diperlakukan sebagai [[Digraf (ortografi)|digraf]].
Dalam ortografi [[Sabino Arana]] (1865..1903), ''ll'' dan ''rr'' digantikan masing-masing dengan ''[[ĺ]]'' dan ''[[ŕ]]''.
== Ungkapan ==
Baris 326:
* [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/mt26s.html A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1 by John D. Bengston (scanned pages)]
==
{{reflist}}
* HUALDE, José Ignacio & DE URBINA, Jon Ortiz (eds.): ''A Grammar of Basque''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003. ISBN 3-11-017683-1.
* TRASK, R. Larry: ''History of Basque''. New York/London: Routledge, 1996. ISBN 0-415-13116-2.
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