Korea Utara: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Korea Utara infobox}}
'''Korea Utara''', secara resmi disebut '''Republik Rakyat Demokratik Korea''' ([[Hangul]]: 조선민주주의인민공화국, [[Hanja]]: 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國, Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk) adalah sebuah [[negara]] di [[Asia Timur]], yang meliputi sebagian utara [[Semenanjung Korea]]. Ibu kota dan kota terbesarnya adalah [[Pyongyang]]. [[Zona Demiliterisasi Korea]] menjadi batas antara Korea Utara dan [[Korea Selatan]]. [[Sungai Yalu|Sungai Amnok]] dan [[Sungai Tumen]] membentuk perbatasan antara Korea Utara dan [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]]. Sebagian dari Sungai Tumen di timur laut merupakan perbatasan dengan [[Rusia]]. Penduduk setempat menyebut negara ini ''Pukchosŏn'' (북조선, "Chosŏn Utara").
Semenanjung Korea diperintah oleh [[Kekaisaran Korea]] hingga dianeksasi oleh [[Penjajahan Jepang atas Korea|Jepang]] setelah [[Perang Rusia-Jepang]] tahun 1905. Setelah kekalahan Jepang pada [[Perang Dunia II]], Korea [[Pembagian Korea|dibagi]] menjadi wilayah pendudukan Soviet dan Amerika Serikat. Korea Utara menolak ikut serta dalam pemilihan umum yang diawasi [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]] yang diselenggarakan di selatan pada 1948, yang mengarah kepada pembentukan dua pemerintahan Korea yang terpisah oleh zona demiliterisasi. Baik Korea Utara maupun Selatan mengklaim kedaulatan di atas seluruh semenanjung, yang berujung kepada [[Perang Korea]] tahun 1950. Sebuah gencatan senjata pada 1953 mengakhiri pertempuran; namun kedua negara secara resmi masih berada dalam status perang, karena perjanjian perdamaian tidak pernah ditandatangani.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,528320,00.html|title=U.S.: N. Korea Boosting Guerrilla War Capabilities|coauthors=Associated Press|date=2009-06-23|publisher=FOX News Network, LLC|accessdate=2009-07-04}}</ref> Kedua negara diterima menjadi anggota [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] pada 1991.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/29/world/north-korea-reluctantly-seeks-un-seat.html|title=North Korea Reluctantly Seeks U.N. Seat|last=Sanger|first=David E.|date=1991-05-29|publisher=The New York Times Company|accessdate=2009-07-04}}</ref> Pada 26 Mei 2009, Korea Utara secara sepihak menarik diri dari gencatan senjata.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01700&num=4970|title=KCNA: Korean Peninsula in State of War|last=Jeong|first=Jae Sung|date=2009-05-27|work=The Daily NK|publisher=The Daily NK|accessdate=2009-07-04}}</ref>
Korea Utara termasuk dalam [[negara satu-partai]] di bawah [[Front Demokratik untuk Penyatuan Tanah Air|front penyatuan]] yang dipimpin oleh [[Partai Buruh Korea]].<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/28/wnkorea128.xml
|title = North Korea power struggle looms|accessdate=2007-10-31|last=Spencer|first=Richard|authorlink=|date=2007-08-28|work=The Telegraph (online version of UK national newspaper)|quote=A power struggle to succeed Kim Jong-il as leader of North Korea's Stalinist dictatorship may be looming after his eldest son was reported to have returned from semi-voluntary exile.|location=London}}<br />{{Cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2388356.ece|title=North Korea's nuclear 'deal' leaves Japan feeling nervous|accessdate=2007-10-31|last=Parry|first=Richard Lloyd|authorlink=Richard Lloyd Parry|date=2007-09-05|work=The Times (online version of UK's national newspaper of record)|quote=The US Government contradicted earlier North Korean claims that it had agreed to remove the Stalinist dictatorship’s designation as a terrorist state and to lift economic sanctions, as part of talks aimed at disarming Pyongyang of its nuclear weapons.|location=London}}<br />{{cite web| url=http://socialistworld.net/eng/2003/02/08korea.html
| title=The Korean crisis
| accessdate=2007-10-31
| last=Walsh
| first=Lynn
| authorlink=Lynn Walsh
| date=2003-02-08
| work=CWI online: Socialism Today, February 2003 edition, journal of the Socialist Party, CWI England and Wales
| publisher=socialistworld.net, website of the committee for a worker’s international
| quote=Kim Jong-il's regime needs economic concessions to avoid collapse, and just as crucially needs an end to the strategic siege imposed by the US since the end of the Korean war (1950–53). Pyongyang's nuclear brinkmanship, though potentially dangerous, is driven by fear rather than by militaristic ambition. The rotten Stalinist dictatorship faces the prospect of an implosion. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, which deprived North Korea of vital economic support, the regime has consistently attempted to secure from the US a non-aggression pact, recognition of its sovereignty, and economic assistance. The US's equally consistent refusal to enter into direct negotiations with North Korea, effectively ruling out a peace treaty to formally close the 1950–53 Korean war, has encouraged the regime to resort to nuclear blackmail.
}}<br />{{cite web
| url=http://www.sa.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=333&Itemid=106
| title=US is threat to peace not North Korea
| accessdate=2007-10-31
| last=Oakley
| first=Corey
| authorlink=
| year=2006
| month=October
| work=Edition 109 - October–November 2006
| publisher=Socialist Alternative website in Australia
| quote=In this context, the constant attempts by the Western press to paint Kim Jong-il as simply a raving lunatic look, well, mad. There is no denying that the regime he presides over is a nasty Stalinist dictatorship that brutally oppresses its own population. But in the face of constant threats from the US, Pyongyang's actions have a definite rationality from the regime's point of view.
}}</ref><ref name="nysuccess">{{Cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/02/international/asia/02CND-KORE.html?ex=1380513600&en=a29d7f1e49aabee0&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND
|title=North Korea Says It Is Using Plutonium to Make A-Bombs
|accessdate=2007-10-31
|last=Brooke
|first=James
|authorlink=James Brooke (journalist)
|date=2003-10-02
|work=The New York Times
|quote=North Korea, run by a Stalinist dictatorship for almost six decades, is largely closed to foreign reporters and it is impossible to independently check today's claims.
}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name="intimes">{{cite web
| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Let_The_Music_Play_On/articleshow/2859521.cms
| title=Leader Article: Let The Music Play On
| accessdate=2008-03-27
| last=Baruma
| first=Ian
| authorlink=
| date=
| work=The Times of India
| quote=North Korea, officially known as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is one of the world's most oppressive, closed, and vicious dictatorships. It is perhaps the last living example of pure totalitarianism - control of the state over every aspect of human life.
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/07/AR2009060700717.html|title=U.S. to Weigh Returning North Korea to Terror List|last=Finn|first=Peter|date=2009-06-08|publisher=Washington Post|accessdate=2009-06-19|quote=The Bush administration removed North Korea from the list of terrorist states last year as part of an unfulfilled commitment by the dictatorship to dismantle its nuclear weapons program.}}</ref> Pemerintahan negara mengikuti ideologi ''[[Juche]]'', yang digagas oleh [[Kim Il-sung]], mantan pemimpin negara ini. Juche menjadi ideologi resmi negara ketika negara ini mengadopsi konstitusi baru pada 1972,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea_(1972) | title = Constitution of North Korea (1972) | accessdate = 2009-05-07 | date = 1972}}</ref> kendati Kim Il-sung telah menggunakannya untuk membentuk kebijakan sejak sekurang-kurangnya awal tahun 1955.<ref name="Juche">{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Bradley K.|authorlink=|coauthors=|title=Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|date=2004|location=New York, NY|pages=111|quote=Although it was in that 1955 speech that Kim gave full voice to his arguments for ''juche'', he had been talking along similar lines as early as 1948.|doi=
|id=|isbn=0-312-32322-0}}</ref> Sementara resminya sebagai [[republik]] [[Sosialisme|sosialis]], Korea Utara dipandang oleh sebagian besar negara sebagai negara [[diktator|kediktatoran]] [[totaliter]] berpaham [[Stalinisme|Stalinis]].<ref name="nysuccess"/><ref name="intimes"/><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6993
|title=Freedom in the World, 2006|publisher=Freedom House|accessdate=2007-02-13
|quote=Citizens of North Korea cannot change their government democratically. North Korea is a totalitarian dictatorship and one of the most restrictive countries in the world.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/DEMOCRACY_TABLE_2007_v3.pdf
|title=Economist Intelligence Unit democracy index 2006
|accessdate=2007-10-09 |year=2007 |format=PDF |publisher=[[Economist Intelligence Unit]]}}
North Korea ranked in last place (167, lower is better)</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11465278
|title=A portrait of North Korea's new rich
|accessdate=2009-06-18|date=2008-05-29|work=[[The Economist]]
|quote=EVERY developing country worth its salt has a bustling middle class that is transforming the country and thrilling the markets. So does Stalinist North Korea.
}}</ref> Setelah kematian [[Kim Jong-il]] pada tanggal 19 Desember 2011, pemimpin Korea Utara berikutnya adalah [[Kim Jong-un]], anak termuda Kim Jong-il.
== Sejarah ==
{{utama|Sejarah Korea Utara}}
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Korea Utara dan Selatan tidak pernah menandatangani perjanjian perdamaian dan dengan demikian secara resmi masih dalam status perang; hanya sebuah [[gencatan senjata]] yang diumumkan.<ref>Casey, Steven (2008). ''Selling the Korean War: propaganda, politics, and public opinion in the United States, 1950-1953.'' Oxford University Press US. ISBN 978-0-19-530692-7.</ref> Upaya perdamaian disela oleh beberapa pertempuran kecil dan upaya pembunuhan. Korea Utara gagal di dalam beberapa upaya pembunuhan terhadap pemimpin Korea Selatan, dengan yang paling dikenal pada 1968, 1974, dan [[Pengeboman Rangoon]] pada 1983. Terowongan seringkali ditemukan di bawah Zona Demiliterisasi, dan perang hampir meletus akibat [[Insiden Pembunuhan Kapak]] di [[Panmunjeom]] pada 1976.<ref>Kirkbride, Wayne (1984). ''DMZ, a story of the Panmunjom axe murder.'' Hollym International Corp.</ref> Pada 1973, hubungan tingkat tinggi yang sangat rahasia mulai dilakukan melalui kantor-kantor [[Palang Merah]], tetapi berakhir setelah insiden Panmunjeom dengan sedikit kemajuan.<ref>Bandow, Doug; Carpenter, Ted Galen (1992). ''The U.S.-South Korean alliance: time for a change.'' Transaction Publishers. p.98–99. ISBN 978-1-56000-583-4.</ref>
Pada akhir tahun 1990-an, ketika Korsel mengalami transisi menjadi demokratis, keberhasilan [[Nordpolitik]] dan dengan diambil alihnya kekuasaan di utara oleh putra Kim Il-sung, [[Kim Jong-il]], maka kedua negara untuk pertama kalinya mulai berhubungan secara terbuka, dengan Korsel yang menyatakan [[Kebijakan Sinar Matahari]].<ref>Kwak, Tae-Hwan; Joo, Seung-Ho (2003). ''The Korean peace process and the four powers.'' Ashgate
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