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{{terjemah|Inggris}}
[[Berkas:Dewaruci.jpg|jmpl|300px|ka|[[KRI Dewaruci]], sebuah jenis [[kapal layar]] milik [[TNI Angkatan Laut]]]]
'''Kapal''' adalah kendaraan pengangkut penumpang dan barang di laut (sungai dsb)<ref>[http://pusatbahasa.diknas.go.id/kbbi/index.php KBBI dalam jaringan]</ref> seperti halnya [[sampan]] atau [[perahu]] yang lebih kecil. Kapal biasanya cukup besar untuk membawa [[perahu]] kecil seperti [[sekoci]]. Sedangkan dalam istilah [[Bahasa Inggris|inggris]], dipisahkan antara ''[[:en:ship|ship]]'' yang lebih besar dan ''[[:en:boat|boat]]'' yang lebih kecil. Secara kebiasaannya kapal dapat membawa perahu tetapi perahu tidak dapat membawa kapal. Ukuran sebenarnya di mana sebuah perahuPerahu disebut kapalKapal selalu ditetapkan oleh undang-undang dan peraturan atau kebiasaan setempat.
 
Berabad-abad kapal digunakan oleh manusia untuk mengarungi sungai atau lautan yang diawali oleh penemuan perahu. Biasanya manusia pada masa lampau menggunakan [[kano]], [[rakit]] ataupun perahu, semakin besar kebutuhan akan daya muat maka dibuatlah perahu atau rakit yang berukuran lebih besar yang dinamakan kapal. Bahan-bahan yang digunakan untuk pembuatan kapal pada masa lampau menggunakan kayu, bambu ataupun batang-batang papirus seperti yang digunakan bangsa mesir kuno kemudian digunakan bahan bahan logam seperti besi/baja karena kebutuhan manusia akan kapal yang kuat. Untuk penggeraknya manusia pada awalnya menggunakan [[dayung]] kemudian angin dengan bantuan layar, [[mesin uap]] setelah muncul revolusi Industri dan mesin diesel serta Nuklir. Beberapa penelitian memunculkan kapal bermesin yang berjalan mengambang di atas air seperti ''[[Hovercraft]]'' dan ''Ekranoplane''. Serta kapal yang digunakan di dasar lautan yakni [[kapal selam]].
 
Berabad abad kapal digunakan untuk mengangkut penumpang dan barang sampai akhirnya pada awal [[abad ke-20]] ditemukan [[pesawat terbang]] yang mampu mengangkut barang dan penumpang dalam waktu singkat maka kapal -pun mendapat saingan berat. Namun untuk kapal masih memiliki keunggulan yakni mampu mengangkut barang dengan tonase yang lebih besar sehingga lebih banyak didominasi [[kapal niaga]] dan tanker sedangkan [[kapal penumpang]] banyak dialihkan menjadi [[kapal pesiar]] seperti Queen Elizabeth dan Awani Dream.
 
== Etimologi ==
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== Sejarah ==
=== Pra-sejarahSejarah ===
[[Berkas:Floss.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Rakit merupakan desain perahu yang paling sederhana.]]
Sejarah kapal sejalan dengan petualangan manusia. Perahu yang dikenal pertama kali dikenal pada masa [[Neolitikum]], sekitar 10.000 tahun yang lalu. Kapal-kapal awal ini memiliki fungsi yang terbatas: mereka dapat bergerak di atas air, tetapi hanya itu. Terutama digunakan untuk [[berburu]] dan [[memancing]]. [[Kano]] tertua yang ditemukan [[arkeolog]] sering dibuat dari batang [[Tumbuhan runjung|pohon coniferous]], menggunakan peralatan batu sederhana.
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Sekitar 5.000 tahun yang lalu, orang yang berdiam dekat Kongens Lyngby di Denmark menemukan bahwa
 
Sekitar 5.000 tahun lalu, orang tinggal dekat [[Kongens Lyngby]] di Denmark invented the segregated hull, which allowed the size of boats to gradually be increased. Boats soon developed into [[keel boat]]s similar to today's wooden [[pleasure craft]].
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At about the same time, the first navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics as [[sail]]s. Affixed to the top of a pole set vertically in a boat, these sails gave early ships great range. This allowed man to explore widely, allowing, for example the settlement of [[Oceania]] about 3,000 years ago.
 
▲note:this article needs historic info added!
The [[ancient Egypt]]ians were perfectly at ease building sailboats. A remarkable example of their [[shipbuilding]] skills was the [[Khufu ship]], a vessel {{convert|143|ft|m}} in length entombed at the foot of the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] around 2,500 BC and found intact in 1954. According to [[Herodotus]], the Egyptians made the first circumnavigation of Africa around 600 BC.
 
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Before the introduction of the compass, [[celestial navigation]] was the main method for navigation at sea. In China, early versions of the [[magnetic compass]] were being developed and used in navigation between [[1040]] and [[1117]].<ref>Li Shu-hua, “Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole,” ''Isis'', Vol. 45, No. 2. (Jul., 1954), p.181</ref> The true mariner's compass, using a pivoting needle in a dry box, was invented in Europe no later than 1300.<ref>Frederic C. Lane, “The Economic Meaning of the Invention of the Compass,” ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 68, No. 3. (Apr., 1963), p.615ff.</ref><ref name="eb284">Chisholm, 1911:284.</ref>-->
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[[Berkas:Atakebune2.jpg|thumb|right|A Japanese [[atakebune]] from the 16th century]]
===Through the Renaissance===
[[Berkas:Santa-Maria.jpg|thumb|right|The [[carrack]] [[Santa María (ship)|''Santa María'']] of [[Christopher Columbus]]]]
Until the [[Renaissance]], navigational technology remained comparatively primitive. This absence of technology didn't prevent some civilizations from becoming sea powers. Examples include the maritime republics of [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], and the [[Byzantine navy]]. The [[Viking]]s used their [[knarr]]s to explore [[North America]], trade in the [[Baltic Sea]] and plunder many of the coastal regions of Western Europe.
 
Towards the end of the fourteenth century, ships like the [[carrack]] began to develop towers on the bow and stern. These towers decreased the vessel's stability, and in the fifteenth century, [[caravel]]s became more widely used. The towers were gradually replaced by the [[forecastle]] and [[stern]]castle, as in the carrack [[Santa María (ship)|''Santa María'']] of [[Christopher Columbus]]. This increased [[freeboard]] allowed another innovation: the freeing port, and the artillery associated with it.
 
In the sixteenth century, the use of freeboard and freeing ports become widespread on [[galleon]]s. The English modified their vessels to maximize their firepower and demonstrated the effectiveness of their doctrine, in 1588, by defeating the [[Spanish Armada]].
 
[[Berkas:Atakebune2.jpg|thumb|right|A Japanese [[atakebune]] from the 16th century]]At this time, ships were developing in Asia in much the same way as Europe. [[Japan]] used defensive naval techniques in the [[Mongol invasions of Japan]] in [[1281]]. It is likely that the Mongols of the time took advantage of both European and Asian shipbuilding techniques. In Japan, during the [[Sengoku era]] from the fifteenth to seventeenth century, the great struggle for feudal supremacy was fought, in part, by coastal fleets of several hundred boats, including the [[atakebune]].
 
Fifty years before Christopher Columbus, Chinese navigator [[Zheng He]] traveled the world at the head of what was for the time a huge armada. The largest of his ships had nine masts, were {{convert|130|m|ft}} long and had a beam of {{convert|55|m|ft}}. His fleet carried 30,000 men aboard 70 vessels, with the goal of bringing glory to the Chinese emperor.
 
===Specialization and modernization===
[[Berkas:Redoutable.jpg|thumb|right|The British ''[[HMS Temeraire (1798)|Temeraire]]'' and French ships ''[[French ship Redoutable (1791)|Redoutable]]'' and ''[[French ship Bucentaure (1804)|Bucentaure]]'' at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]]]]
Parallel to the development of warships, ships in service of marine fishery and trade also developed in the period between antiquity and the Renaissance. Still primarily a coastal endeavor, fishing is largely practiced by individuals --><!---there has to be a better way to say this!--><!--with little other money using small boats.
 
Maritime trade was driven by the development of shipping companies with significant financial resources. Canal barges, towed by draft animals on an adjacent [[towpath]], contended with the [[railway]] up to and past the early days of the [[industrial revolution]]. Flat-bottomed and flexible [[scow]] boats also became widely used for transporting small cargoes. Mercantile trade went hand-in-hand with exploration, which is self-financing by the commercial benefits of exploration.
 
During the first half of the eighteenth century, the [[French Navy]] began to develop a new type of vessel, featuring seventy-four guns. This type of ship became the backbone of all European fighting fleets. These ships were {{convert|56|m|ft}} long and their construction required 2,800 oak trees and {{convert|40|km|mi}} of rope; they carried a crew of about 800 sailors and soldiers.
 
[[Berkas:Yacht and tugboat.jpg|thumb|left|A small [[pleasure boat]] and a [[tugboat]] in [[Rotterdam]]]]
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Ship designs stayed fairly unchanged until the late nineteenth century. The industrial revolution, new mechanical methods of propulsion, and the ability to construct ships from metal triggered an explosion in ship design. Factors including the quest for more efficient ships, the end of long running and wasteful maritime conflicts, and the increased financial capacity of industrial powers created an avalanche of more specialized boats and ships. Ships built for entirely new functions, such as firefighting, rescue, and research, also began to appear.
In 2002, there were 1,240 [[warship]]s operating in the world, not counting small vessels such as [[patrol boat]]s. --><!--Adding total tonnage before this next sentence would make it clearer!-->[[Berkas:ship diagram-numbers.svg|jmpl|ka|Bagian-bagian utama kapal. '''1''':&nbsp;[[Smokestack]] atau [[Cerobong]]; '''2''':&nbsp;[[Buritan]]; '''3''':&nbsp;[[Propeler]] dan [[Kemudi]]; '''4''':&nbsp;[[Portside]] (sebelah [[kanan]] dikenal dengan nama [[starboard]]); '''5''':&nbsp;[[Jangkar]]; '''6''':&nbsp;[[Bulbous bow]]; '''7''':&nbsp;[[Haluan]]; '''8''':&nbsp;[[Geladak]]; '''9''':&nbsp;[[Anjungan]]|300px]]▼
 
In light of this, classification of vessels by type or function can be difficult. Even using very broad functional classifications such as fishery, trade, military, and exploration fails to classify most of the old ships. This difficulty is increased by the fact that the terms such as sloop and frigate are used by old and new ships alike, and often the modern vessels sometimes have little in common with their predecessors.
 
===Today===
Boats and ships remain essential tools for [[international trade|international]] and [[domestic trade]], [[national security]] and cultural purposes.
 
In 2007, the world's fleet included 34,882 commercial vessels with [[gross tonnage]] of more than 1,000 [[ton (volume)|tons]], totaling 1.04 billion tons. These ships carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2006, a sum that grew by 8% over the previous year. In terms of tonnage, 37.5% of these ships are [[tanker (ship)|tanker]]s, 35.8% are [[bulk carrier]]s, 10.9% [[container ships]] and 10.3% [[general cargo ship]]s.
 
▲In 2002, there were 1,240 [[warship]]s operating in the world, not counting small vessels such as [[patrol boat]]s. --><!--Adding total tonnage before this next sentence would make it clearer!-->[[Berkas:ship diagram-numbers.svg|jmpl|ka|Bagian-bagian utama kapal. '''1''':&nbsp;[[Smokestack]] atau [[Cerobong]]; '''2''':&nbsp;[[Buritan]]; '''3''':&nbsp;[[Propeler]] dan [[Kemudi]]; '''4''':&nbsp;[[Portside]] (sebelah [[kanan]] dikenal dengan nama [[starboard]]); '''5''':&nbsp;[[Jangkar]]; '''6''':&nbsp;[[Bulbous bow]]; '''7''':&nbsp;[[Haluan]]; '''8''':&nbsp;[[Geladak]]; '''9''':&nbsp;[[Anjungan]]|300px]]
[[Berkas:Voskhod 24.jpg|jmpl|Voskhod (hydrofoil), kecepatan sampai 60 km/h (32 kn; 37 mph), dengan daya power terpasang 810 kW (1,090 hp)]]
[[Berkas:20090314-NWFF NF83.jpg|jmpl|Kapal feri 48 m di Hongkong dan Macau]]
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Menjelang akhir [[abad ke-20]], navigasi sangat dipermudah oleh [[GPS]], yang memiliki ketelitian sangat tinggi dengan bantuan [[satelit]].Selain dari itu system komunikasi yang sangat modern juga menunjang navigasi dengan adanya beberapa macam peralatan seperti radar type Harpa memungkinkan para navigator / Mualim bisa melihat langsung keadaan kondisi laut. Radar harpa ini adalah radar modern yang bisa mendeteksi langsung jarak antara kapal dgn kapal, kapal dengan daratan, kapal dengan daerah berbahaya, kecepatan kapal, kecepatan angin,dan mempunyai daya akurasi gambar yang jelas. Selain dari itu ada lagi system GMDSS (Global Maritime Distress safety system) Suatu system keselamatan pelayaran secara global. Kalau suatu kapal berada dalam kondisi berbahaya system ini akan memancarkan berita bahaya yang berisi posisi kapal, nama kapal, jenis marabahaya,tersebut secara otomatis, cepat, tepat, akurat. Untuk system komunikasi lainnya ada INMARSAT (International Maritime satelite) Suatu system pengiriman berita menggunakan E-Mail, Telephone, Telex, ataupun Faximile.
 
== Jenis-jenis kapalKapal ==
Kapal sulit untuk diklasifikasikan, terutama karena banyak sekali kriteria yang menjadi dasar klasifikasi dalam sistem yang ada seperti:
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