Unjuk rasa Kazakhstan 2022: Perbedaan antara revisi

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=== Mogok makan Zhanaozen ===
{{utama|Pembantaian Zhanaozen 2011}}
Kota penghasil minyak di [[Provinsi Mangystau|Mangystau]], [[Zhanaozen]], memiliki sejarah mogok buruh dan unjuk rasa buruh. Pada tahun 2011, [[pembantaian Zhanaozen 2011|kerusuhan munculpecah]] di Zhanaozen di tengah peringatan 20 tahun [[Hari Kemerdekaan (Kazakhstan)|Hari KemerdekaanKazakhstan]] yang menyebabkan 16 orang tewas dan 100 orang terluka menurut laporanangka resmi. Pasukan keamanan KazakhKazakhstan melepaskan tembakan ke arah pengunjuk rasa yang menuntut keadaan kerja yang lebih baik. FollowingSaat furtheritu, harga satu liter [[2018–2020gas Kazakhminyak protests|protests in 2018cair]] and Nazarbayev's crackdown on the demonstrations(LPG), he was made the Chairman of thecampuran [[Security Council of Kazakhstanbutana]] for life.<ref name=":16" /> Selama itu, hargadan [[gas minyak cairpropana]], bahan bakar yang terutamamerupakan digunakanbahan untuk mengisi ulangbakar kendaraan umum di Zhanaozen, yang harganya berkisar antara 30–3530 hingga 35 [[tenge Kazakhstan|tenge]] dan telah berulang kali naik sejak saat itu. yangMenyusul menurut[[unjuk Eurasianet, lonjakan tersebut disebabkan oleh Kebijakan peralihan bertahap pemerintahrasa Kazakhstan ke perdagangan pasar elektronik gas minyak cair yang dimulai pada Januari 2019 untuk mengakhiri subsidi gas negara secara bertahap dan memungkinkan pasar menentukan harga.<ref>{{Cite web2018–2020|last1=Kumenov|first1=Almaz|last2=Lillis|first2=Joanna|date=2022-01-04|title=Kazakhstan explainer: Why did fuel prices spike, bringing protesters out onto the streets?|url=https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-explainer-why-did-fuel-prices-spike-bringing-protesters-out-onto-the-streets|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-05|website=eurasianet.org|language=en}}</ref> Pada Januari 2020, sebuah unjuk rasa diadakanpada ditahun Zhanaozen2018]] ketikalebih penduduklanjut kotadan menuntuttindakan penurunankeras hargaNursultan gas yang naik dari 55 menjadi 65 tenge.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ТОЙКЕН|first=Санияш|date=2020-01-10|title=Жанаозенцы вновь пришли вterhadap акиматdemonstrasi, требуяia снижения цен на газ|url=https://rus.azattyq.org/a/30370468.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-04|website=Радио Азаттык|language=ru}}</ref> Sejak 1 Januari 2022, menurut pengunjuk rasa Zhanaozen, harga gas minyak cair melonjak hingga hampir dua kali lipatdiangkat menjadi 120Ketua tengeDewan tiapKeamanan literKazakhstan atauseumur 380 tenge tiap galonhidup.<ref name="tass:16">{{cite web | url =https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/13354113?utm_source=yxnews&utm_medium=desktop|title=В аэропорту Актау в Казахстане задерживается часть рейсов |publisher=[[TASS]]| language=Russian| access-date =4 January 2022}}</ref>
 
Since January 2019, the Kazakh government phased transition policy to [[Electronic markets|electronic market]] trading of LPG to gradually end state [[Energy subsidy|gas subsidies]] and allow for the market instead to determine prices, resulting with increased LPG prices according to [[Eurasianet]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kumenov|first1=Almaz|last2=Lillis|first2=Joanna|date=4 January 2022|title=Kazakhstan explainer: Why did fuel prices spike, bringing protesters out onto the streets?|url=https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-explainer-why-did-fuel-prices-spike-bringing-protesters-out-onto-the-streets|url-status=live|access-date=5 January 2022|website=eurasianet.org|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105023407/https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-explainer-why-did-fuel-prices-spike-bringing-protesters-out-onto-the-streets}}</ref>
 
In January 2020, a protest was held in Zhanaozen where city residents demanded a reduction in the price of gas that had risen from 55 to 65 tenge.<ref>{{cite web|last=ТОЙКЕН|first=Санияш|date=10 January 2020|title=Жанаозенцы вновь пришли в акимат, требуя снижения цен на газ|url=https://rus.azattyq.org/a/30370468.html|url-status=live|access-date=4 January 2022|website=Радио Азаттык|language=ru|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104062459/https://rus.azattyq.org/a/30370468.html}}</ref> As the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] affected the economy, [[austerity]] measures and an inadequate amount of [[economic stimulus]] from the government resulted with inflation and stagnant wages.<ref name=":15" />
 
Since 1 January 2022, according to Zhanaozen protesters, the price of LPG almost doubled, to 120 tenge per litre ([[Euro|€]]0.24 per litre; US$1.06 per gallon), causing outrage amongst citizens.<ref name="tass">{{cite web|url=https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/13354113?utm_source=yxnews&utm_medium=desktop|title=В аэропорту Актау в Казахстане задерживается часть рейсов|agency=TASS|language=Russian|access-date=4 January 2022|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104214801/https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/13354113?utm_source=yxnews&utm_medium=desktop|url-status=live}}</ref> Further discontent with the former leader Nursultan Nazarbayev, the nation's [[oligarchy]], corruption and economic inequality would then spark more widespread protests.<ref name="Guardian_Moscow_led_alliance" /><ref name=":15" />
 
=== Tujuan ===