Black metal: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{About|genre musik|album|Black Metal (album Venom){{!}}''Black Metal'' (album Venom)|dan|Black Metal (album Dean Blunt){{!}}''Black Metal'' (album Dean Blunt)|penggunaan lainnya|Black Metal (disambiguasi)}}{{genrebox|name=Black metal
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|stylistic_origins={{hlist|[[Thrash metal]]<ref name=ChadBowar>{{cite web |url=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/heavymetal101/a/101_blackmetal.htm |title=Black Metal 101 |publisher=[[About.com]] |last=Bowar |first=Chad |access-date=2021-07-05 |archive-date=2008-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210100025/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/heavymetal101/a/101_blackmetal.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>|[[death metal]]<ref name="Stylus Magazine">{{cite magazine |url=http://stylusmagazine.com/articles/weekly_article/into-the-void-stylus-magazines-beginners-guide-to-metal.html |title=Into the void: Stylus Magazine's Beginner's Guide to Metal |last1=Lee |first1=Cosmo |last2=Voegtlin |first2=Stewart |magazine=[[Stylus Magazine]] |access-date=17 May 2010 |archive-date=2022-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207113243/http://stylusmagazine.com/articles/weekly_article/into-the-void-stylus-magazines-beginners-guide-to-metal.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>|[[hardcore punk]]<ref>{{cite book | title=Pop When the World Falls Apart: Music in the Shadow of Doubt | publisher=Duke University Press | year=2012 | page=279 | isbn=978-0822351085 | editor=Weisbard, Eric}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Encyclopedia of heavy metal music | url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaheav00phil | url-access=limited | publisher=Greenwood Press |author1=Phillips, William |author2=Cogan, Brian |name-list-style=amp | year=2009 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaheav00phil/page/n133 109], 234 | isbn=978-0313348006}}</ref>}}
|cultural_origins= Awal-ke-pertengahan-1980an, {{hlist|[[Inggris]]|[[Skandinavia]]}}
|derivatives=[[Dungeon synth]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000jfsk|title=Dungeon Synth|last=Stuart Maconie|date=2020-05-24|website=BBC Radio 6 Music|language=en|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref>
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{{Main|Blackened death metal}}
Blackened death metal umumnya adalah [[death metal]] yang menggabungkan elemen musik, lirik atau ideologis dari black metal, seperti peningkatan penggunaan [[Pilihan memetik|tremolo picking]], tema lirik anti-Kristen atau [[Setanisme|Setan]] dan progresi akord yang serupa dengan yang digunakan dalam black metal.<ref name="Sound, Symbol, Sociality">{{cite book|last1=Unger|first1=Matthew|title=Sound, Symbol, Sociality: The Aesthetic Experience of Extreme Metal Music|page=27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Henderson|first=Alex|title=Ninewinged Serpent – Devian|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/ninewinged-serpent-mw0000780983|work=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=3 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bowar|first=Chad|title=Hacavitz – Venganza Review|url=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/reviews/gr/hacavitz.htm|work=[[About.com]]|access-date=3 September 2012|archive-date=2009-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617104950/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/reviews/gr/hacavitz.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Band death metal yang menghitam juga lebih cenderung memakai [[cat mayat]] dan baju zirah, daripada band dari gaya death metal lainnya.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gardner|first1=Robert Owen|title=Studies in Symbolic Interaction|page=119}}</ref> Tuning gitar dengan rentang yang lebih rendah, [[death growl]] dan perubahan [[Tempo (musik)|tempo]] yang tiba-tiba merupakan hal yang umum dalam genre ini.<ref name="Banger">{{cite journal|last1=Dunn|first1=Sam|last2=Deaville|first2=Jason|date=2016|title=Blackened Death Metal|author1-link=Sam Dunn}}</ref> Contoh band blackened death metal adalah [[Belphegor]],<ref>{{cite web|date=21 October 2011|title=Belphegor Suspends All Activities|url=http://www.terrorizer.com/blog1.php/2011/10/21/belphegor-suspend-all-activities|work=[[Terrorizer (magazine)|terrorizer.com]]|access-date=3 September 2012}}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Behemoth (band)|Behemoth]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Prato|first=Greg|title=Behemoth|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/behemoth-mn0000789429|work=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=3 September 2012}}</ref> [[Akercocke]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Cosmo|date=21 February 2006|title=Akercocke – Words That Go Unspoken, Deeds That Go Undone – Review – Stylus Magazine|url=http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/akercocke/words-that-go-unspoken-deeds-that-go-undone.htm|work=[[Stylus Magazine]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509181014/http://stylusmagazine.com/reviews/akercocke/words-that-go-unspoken-deeds-that-go-undone.htm|archive-date=9 May 2012|access-date=22 October 2012|quote=Death metal and black metal are notoriously insular, but Akercocke has distinguished itself by freely drawing from both. Death metal tends to emphasize the low end, while black metal mainly resides in the midrange and treble, so Akercocke's 'blackened death' hybrid is rich and full-bodied.|url-status=dead}}</ref> dan [[Sacramentum]].<ref>Pretorious, Neil (30 July 2009). "Review – Sacramentum – Far Away from the Sun"]. ''The Metal Observer''. "If you think that Blackened Death Metal begins and ends with DISSECTION, then think again. SACRAMENTUM seriously dropped the (snow) ball with 'The Coming of Chaos' and 'Thy Black Destiny', but on 'Far Away from the Sun' they really delivered the goods on all fronts."</ref>
==== Melodic black-death ====
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Pada awal 1990-an, banyak black-metalr Norwegia menampilkan diri mereka sebagai penyembah Iblis sejati.{{sfn|Olson|2008|p=7f}} Euronymous Mayhem adalah tokoh kunci di balik ini.{{sfn|Olson|2008|p=27f}} Mereka menyerang Gereja Setan karena pandangannya yang "kebebasan dan cinta hidup";<ref name="killyourself2">Esa Lahdenpera: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120207234358/http://www.fmp666.com/moonlight/mayhem.html ''Northern Black Metal Legends'']. In: ''Kill Yourself'', no. 2, August 1993. Retrieved 30 January 2013.</ref> [[Setanisme Teistik|Setanisme teistik]] yang mereka anut adalah kebalikan dari Kekristenan. Benjamin Hedge Olson menulis bahwa mereka "mengubah sandiwara panggung kuasi-setan Venom menjadi bentuk ekspresi budaya yang unik dari bentuk-bentuk metal atau Setanisme lainnya" dan "meninggalkan identitas dan ambisi duniawi dari bentuk-bentuk metal lainnya demi agama dan fanatisme ideologis".{{sfn|Olson|2008|p=27f}} Beberapa anggota scene terkemuka—seperti Euronymous dan Faust<ref name="emperor10" /><ref name="killyourself" />—menyatakan bahwa hanya band-band yang satanis yang bisa disebut 'black metal'. Band dengan gaya Norwegia, tetapi tanpa lirik setan, cenderung menggunakan nama lain untuk musik mereka.<ref name="halupczok" /><ref name="enslavedfrost" /><ref name="nordicmetal" /> Pandangan ini masih dianut oleh banyak seniman—seperti [[Infernus]],<ref name="infernus">{{cite web|last=Maki|first=Jeff|date=18 July 2006|title=live-metal.net – Interviews: Gorgoroth – Infernus|url=http://www.live-metal.net/features_interviews_infernus_gorgoroth.html|work=live-metal.net|access-date=4 September 2012|archive-date=2012-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212223347/http://www.live-metal.net/features_interviews_infernus_gorgoroth.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Arioch]],<ref>Dr. Rape: ''Funeral Mist''. In: Jon Kristiansen: ''Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries''. [[Brooklyn]], New York: Bazillion Points Books 2011. pp. 420f.</ref> [[Nornagest]], dan Erik Danielsson.<ref name="watain">{{cite web|author=Arthur|title=Interview with Watain|url=http://www.geocities.com/flesh_ro/watain.htm|work=geocities.com/flesh_ro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019170513/http://geocities.com/flesh_ro/watain.htm|archive-date=19 October 2009|access-date=4 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Beberapa band, seperti Dissection<ref name="faustleaves" /><ref name="dissectioninterview2" /> dan Watain<ref>terrybezer: [http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/unpublished-watain-interview-extras/ ''Unpublished Watain Interview Extras!''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817065649/http://www.metalhammer.co.uk/news/unpublished-watain-interview-extras/|date=17 August 2012}}, 27 March 2009, accessed on 21 November 2012.</ref> yang telah direformasi, bersikeras bahwa semua anggota harus memiliki keyakinan setan yang sama, sedangkan Michael Ford dari [[Black Funeral]]<ref name="paganbelial.awardspace.com" /> dan MkM dari [[Antaeus]]<ref>Ophth: [https://archive.today/20130213163640/http://membres.multimania.fr/chaotik/7/antaeus.html ''AntaeuS''], accessed on 21 November 2012.</ref> percaya black metal harus setan tetapi tidak semua anggota band harus setan. Lainnya—seperti [[Jan Axel Blomberg]],<ref name="hellhammerinterview">{{cite web|date=7 January 2007|title=Article: Interview|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metallibrary.ru%2Farticles%2Finterviews%2F96.html|work=metallibrary.ru|publisher=Open Publishing|language=ru|access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref> [[Sigurd Wongraven]],<ref name="murdermusic" /> dan Eric Horner<ref name="throneofmalediction">{{cite web|date=17 January 2011|title=Throne of Malediction Talks the Art of Black Metal|url=http://www.metalunderground.com/news/details.cfm?newsid=64209|work=metalunderground.com|access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref>—percaya bahwa black metal tidak harus bersifat setan. Sebuah artikel di fanzine Metalion's Slayer menyerang musisi yang "lebih peduli dengan gitar mereka daripada esensi sebenarnya yang menjadi dasar seluruh konsep", dan bersikeras bahwa "musik itu sendiri tidak menjadi prioritas pertama".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kristiansen|first=Jon|year=2011|title=Worship Him!|journal=Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries|location=[[Brooklyn]], New York|publisher=Bazillion Points Books|page=467}}</ref> Band-band dengan gaya yang mirip tetapi dengan lirik Pagan cenderung disebut sebagai 'Pagan Metal' oleh banyak black-metaller 'purist'.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mulvany|first=Aaron Patrick|date=May 2000|title='Re-Awakening Pride Once Lost': Indigeneity and European Folk Metal|location=Middletown, Connecticut|publisher=Wesleyan University|page=IV}}</ref>
Lainnya menghindari Setanisme, melihatnya sebagai Kristen atau "Yahudi-Kristen",<ref>Varg Vikernes: [http://www.burzum.org/eng/library/a_burzum_story03.shtml "A Burzum Story: Part III – The Lie-Propaganda"]. Burzum.org.</ref><ref name="bathory-lyrics">[http://bathory.nu/08/08_writing_the_deeds_of_darkness_and_evil.htm "Writing the deeds of Darkness and Evil"]. Official [[Bathory (band)|Bathory]] website. Retrieved 29 October 2012.</ref> dan menganggap setan sebagai mengabadikan pandangan dunia "Yahudi-Kristen".<ref>[http://www.invisibleoranges.com/2011/09/mayhem-vs-burzum-opposing-views-of-black-metal/ "Mayhem vs. Burzum: Opposing views of black metal"], [[Invisible Oranges]], 21 September 2011.</ref> [[Quorthon]] dari Bathory mengatakan dia menggunakan 'Setan' untuk memprovokasi dan menyerang Kekristenan. Namun, dengan album ketiga dan keempatnya, ''[[Under the Sign of the Black Mark]]'' dan ''[[Blood Fire Death]]'', dia mulai "menyerang Kekristenan dari sudut yang berbeda", menyadari bahwa Setanisme adalah "produk Kristen".<ref name="bathory-lyrics" /> Namun demikian, beberapa seniman menggunakan Setan sebagai simbol atau metafora untuk keyakinan mereka, seperti [[Setanisme LaVeyan|Setan LaVeyan]] (yang ateis). Vokalis [[Gaahl]], yang menganggap dirinya sebagai [[Syamanisme|Dukun]] Norse,<ref>Tatiana Godarska: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080514024208/http://www.imhotep.fi/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2151&Itemid=135&lang=en ''GORGOROTH'S GAAHL – INFINITE DIMENSIONS''], 19 June 2006, accessed on 28 October 2012.</ref> mengatakan: "Kami menggunakan kata 'Setan' karena ini adalah dunia Kristen dan kami harus berbicara dalam bahasa mereka ... Ketika saya menggunakan kata 'Setan', itu berarti tatanan alam, keinginan seorang pria, keinginan untuk tumbuh, keinginan untuk menjadi manusia super".<ref>[http://www.tartareandesire.com/interviews/gorgoroth.html Interview with Gaahl of Gorgoroth, 7 October 2004] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214650/http://www.tartareandesire.com/interviews/gorgoroth.html|date=3 March 2016}}. Tartarean Desire Webzine.</ref> Varg Vikernes menyebut dirinya seorang Satanis dalam wawancara awal tetapi "sekarang meremehkan minatnya yang lama pada Setanisme", dengan mengatakan bahwa dia menggunakan Setan sebagai simbol [[Odin]] sebagai 'musuh' [[Allah (Kristen)|Tuhan Kristen]].<ref name="detsomengangvarg">''{{'}}Det Som Engang Varg{{'}}<!-- This is no spelling error. -->''. In: Jon Kristiansen: ''Metalion: The Slayer Mag Diaries'', p. 292.</ref> Dia melihat Setanisme sebagai "pengantar kepercayaan kafir yang lebih asli".{{sfn|Moynihan|Søderlind|2003|p=191}} Beberapa band seperti [[Carach Angren]],<ref>{{cite web|title=heavymetaltribune.com|url=http://www.heavymetaltribune.com/2012/06/interview-with-carach-angren/|website=www.heavymetaltribune.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129041923/http://www.heavymetaltribune.com/2012/06/interview-with-carach-angren/|archive-date=29 January 2016|access-date=25 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Immortal]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Do You Know Your Greek Gods? Identify the Major Players|url=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/immortalinterview_2.htm|publisher=[[About.com]]|access-date=2022-05-06|archive-date=2012-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324022615/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/immortalinterview_2.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan [[Enslaved]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Sanneh|first=Kelefa|date=8 November 2007|title=Enslaved – Music|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/08/arts/music/08ensl.html?_r=0|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.revolvermag.com/news/director-sam-dunn-picks-the-five-most-important-extreme-metal-bands.html Director Sam Dunn Picks the Five Most Important Extreme-Metal Bands – Revolver Magazine (13 August 2013)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927194349/http://www.revolvermag.com/news/director-sam-dunn-picks-the-five-most-important-extreme-metal-bands.html|date=27 September 2014}}</ref> tidak memiliki lirik Satanic.
=== Kekristenan ===
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