|
'''Sindrom Havana''' adalah sekumpulan gejala medis dengan penyebab yang tidak diketahui yang sebagian besar dialami di luar negeri oleh pejabat pemerintah dan personel militer Amerika Serikat. Gejalanya berkisar mulai dari telinga yang sakit dan [[tinitus|berdenging]] hingga kesulitan kognitif. Sindrom ini pertama kali dilaporkan pada tahun 2016 oleh staf kedutaan Amerika Serikat dan Kanada di Havana, Kuba.<ref name="pmid33341130"/><ref name="The Economist">{{cite news | title=Politics | newspaper=The Economist | url=https://www.economist.com/the-world-this-week/2021/10/16/politics | access-date=October 15, 2021}}</ref>
[[Kementerian Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat]] menyebut sindrom ini adalah insiden kesehatan yang tidak dapat dijelaskan,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/18/politics/mysterious-health-incidents-us-personnel-vienna/index.html|title=About two dozen reports of mysterious health incidents on US personnel in Vienna|last = Atwood | first = Kylie | publisher=CNN|date=July 19, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/cnews-us-china-usa-illness-idCAKCN1J408E-OCATP|work=Reuters|date=June 7, 2018|title=U.S. expands China health alert amid illness reports}}</ref> sementara [[Direktur Badan Intelijen Pusat|Direktur]] [[Badan Intelijen Pusat]] [[William J. Burns]] secara terbuka menyebut sindrom ini adalah serangan.<ref name=HudsonHarris>John Hudson & Shane Harris, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/cia-havana-syndrome-vienna/2021/09/23/cbc3bbbc-1c7f-11ec-914a-99d701398e5a_story.html CIA station chief in Vienna recalled amid criticism of management and handling of mysterious 'Havana Syndrome' incidents], ''Washington Post'' (September 23, 2021).</ref> A 2019 [[Retrospective cohort study|retrospective]] [[neuroimaging]] study of 40 affected diplomats in Cuba published in the medical journal ''[[JAMA (journal)|JAMA]]'' found evidence that the diplomats had significant brain neuroimaging differences compared to healthy [[control group]] members, but it was not able to determine the cause of the observed differences and states that "the clinical importance of these differences is uncertain and may require further study".<ref name="JAMAJuly2019">{{cite journal|display-authors=3|author=Ragini Verma|author2=Randel L. Swanson|author3=Drew Parker|author4=Abdol Aziz Ould Ismail|author5=Russell T. Shinohara|author6=Jacob A. Alappatt|author7=Jimit Doshi|author8=Christos Davatzikos|author9=Michael Gallaway|author10=Diana Duda|author11=H. Isaac Chen|author12=Junghoon J. Kim|author13=Ruben C. Gur|author14=Ronald L. Wolf|author15=M. Sean Grady|author16=Stephen Hampton|author17=Ramon Diaz-Arrastia|author18=Douglas H. Smith|title=Neuroimaging Findings in US Government Personnel With Possible Exposure to Directional Phenomena in Havana, Cuba|journal=JAMA|date=2019|volume=322|issue=4|pages=336–347|doi=10.1001/jama.2019.9269|pmid=31334794|pmc=6652163}}</ref> While there is no expert consensus on the syndrome's cause,<ref name="WilliamsHerb">Katie Bo Williams & Jeremy Herb, [https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/29/politics/us-investigating-mysterious-directed-energy-attack-white-house/index.html US investigating possible mysterious directed energy attack near White House] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429175852/https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/29/politics/us-investigating-mysterious-directed-energy-attack-white-house/index.html |date=April 29, 2021}}, CNN (April 29, 2021).</ref> an expert committee of the [[National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] concluded in December 2020 that microwave energy (specifically, directed pulsed [[Radio frequency|RF energy]]<ref name="pmid33341130" />) "appears to be the most plausible mechanism in explaining these cases among those that the committee considered" but that "each possible cause remains speculative".<ref name="bbc" /><ref name="NatAcademies" /><ref name="NBCNews" /> Other potential causes or contributing factors of the symptoms that have been proposed have included [[ultrasound]],<ref name="Herald2">{{cite web|last1=Torres|first1=Nora Gámez|date=March 2, 2018|title=Computer scientists may have solved the mystery behind the 'sonic attacks' in Cuba|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article203221919.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422142443/http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article203221919.html|archive-date=April 22, 2018|access-date=April 22, 2018|newspaper=Miami Herald}}</ref> [[pesticide]]s,<ref name="Chartrand2">{{cite news|author=Luc Chartrand, Martin Movilla and Lisa Ellenwood|date=September 19, 2019|title=Havana syndrome: Exposure to neurotoxin may have been cause, study suggests|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/havana-syndrome-neurotoxin-enqu%C3%AAte-1.5288609|url-status=live|access-date=September 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920022556/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/havana-syndrome-neurotoxin-enqu%C3%AAte-1.5288609|archive-date=September 20, 2019}}</ref> or [[mass psychogenic illness]].<ref name="JASON22">{{cite news|last1=Vergano|first1=Dan|date=30 September 2021|title=A Declassified State Department Report Says Microwaves Didn't Cause "Havana Syndrome"|work=BuzzFeed News|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/danvergano/havana-syndrome-jason-crickets|access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
The [[U.S. Intelligence Community|U.S. intelligence services]] have not reached a consensus on or a formal determination of the cause of the Havana syndrome, though U.S. intelligence and government officials have expressed suspicions to the press that [[GRU|Russian military intelligence]] is responsible.<ref name=Myre>Greg Myre, [https://www.npr.org/2021/09/24/1040422112/cia-recalls-vienna-station-chief-in-move-related-to-handling-of-havana-syndrome CIA Recalls Vienna Station Chief In Move Related to Handling of 'Havana Syndrome'], NPR (September 24, 2021).</ref><ref name="politicounit"/><ref name=Entous>{{Cite web|author=Adam Entous|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/05/31/are-us-officials-under-silent-attack|title=Are U.S. Officials Under Silent Attack?|newspaper=New Yorker|date=May 31, 2021|quote=Top officials in both the Trump and the Biden Administrations privately suspect that Russia is responsible for the Havana Syndrome. Their working hypothesis is that agents of the G.R.U., the Russian military's intelligence service, have been aiming microwave-radiation devices at U.S. officials to collect intelligence from their computers and cell phones, and that these devices can cause serious harm to the people they target.}}</ref>
==Referensi==
|
