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=== Masa Pendudukan Jepang ===
Pada masa [[Perang Dunia II]], [[Jepang]] mengincar wilayah ini sebagai batu loncatan mengadakan serangan ke [[Jawa]]. Pada tanggal [[23-25 Januari]] [[1942]], armada Jepang di bawah pimpinan Shizuo Sakaguchi merebut Balikpapan dari tangan pasukan [[Sekutu]] dan [[Hindia Belanda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/jseinvas41-42.html |title=Japanese conquest of the Netherlands Indies, 1941-1942 |access-date=2011-07-23 |archive-date=2012-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505052035/http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/jseinvas41-42.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230313185327/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ZzYznOEiZmcC&lpg=PA782&dq=balikpapan&pg=PA782&hl=id#v=onepage&q=balikpapan&f=true {{en}} Gabrielle Kirk McDonald, Olivia Swaak-Goldman, Substantive and procedural aspects of international criminal law: the experience of international and national courts. Documents and cases, Volume 2,Bagian 2, BRILL, 2000, ISBN 90-411-1134-4, 9789041111340]. Diakses 3 September 2010</ref> WilayahTapi Balikpapanbeberapa saathari itusebelumnya, meliputiBelanda Balikpapantelah Seberangmenghancurkan (Penajam).<ref>{{Citefasilitas-fasilitas webpenting, |url=http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/borneo1942.htmlseperti |title=Borneoinstalasi inkilang 1942minyak, |access-date=2011-06-24infrastruktur, |archivedan pabrik-date=2016-04-03pabrik |archive-url=https://webkimia.archive Rangkaian peristiwa ini terangkum dalam [[Pertempuran Balikpapan (1942)]].org/web/20160403104919/http://indonesianhistory.info/map/borneo1942.html
Pada |dead-url=yesbabak }}</ref>akhir NilaiPerang Dunia II, nilai strategis kota Balikpapan juga diperhitungkan tentara sekutu,Sekutu. padaPada tahun 1945 tentara sekutuSekutu di bawah komando [[Australia]] merebut kota ini dari tangan Jepang, padadalam pertempuranoperasi [[26dengan Juni]]-[[15nama Juli]]sandi [[1945]]''Obo dalamII'', usahaatau merebutlebih kembalidikenal wilayahsebagai yang[[Pertempuran jatuhBalikpapan ke tangan Jepang(1945)]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230313185346/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=sw--Ujt09cwC&lpg=PA109&dq=balikpapan&pg=PA109&hl=id A. B. Feuer, Australian commandos: their secret war against the Japanese in World War II, Stackpole Military history series, Stackpole Books, 2006, ISBN 0-8117-3294-0, 9780811732949]. Diakses 3 September 2010</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230313185329/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=SLfti-Dc1AcC&lpg=PA62&dq=balikpapan&pg=PA62&hl=id#v=onepage&q=balikpapan&f=true {{en}} Paul S. Dull, A battle history of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941-1945, Naval Institute Press, 2007, ISBN 1-59114-219-9, 9781591142195]. Diakses 3 September 2010</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/allied44.html |title=Allied military operations and positions, mid-July 1944 to August 1945 |access-date=2011-07-23 |archive-date=2012-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505051350/http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/allied44.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://manuntung.net/?p=64 |title=Perlawanan terhadap kolonial Belanda |access-date=2011-07-23 |archive-date=2011-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015011653/http://manuntung.net/?p=64 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
=== Masa Republik Indonesia ===
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