Paus Yohanes Paulus II: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
k r2.7.1) (bot Menambah: bcl:Papa Juan Pablo II |
Pengajaran |
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Baris 3:
| English name = Yohanes Paulus II
| image = [[Berkas:JohannesPaulII.jpg|150px]]
| birth_name = Karol
| term_start = [[16 Oktober]] [[1978]]
| term_end = [[2 April]] [[2005]]
Baris 9:
| successor = [[Paus Benediktus XVI|Benediktus XVI]]
| birth_date = [[18 Mei]] [[1920]]
| birthplace = [[
| dead=dead|death_date = [[2 April]] [[2005]]
| deathplace = [[Istana Apostolik]], [[Vatikan]]
Baris 77:
Konklaf kedua pada tahun 1978 diadakan pada 14 Oktober, sepuluh hari setelah pemakaman [[Paus Yohanes Paulus I]]. Pada konklaf ada dua kubu yang sama-sama memiliki calon kuat: Kardinal [[Giuseppe Siri]], kubu [[konservatif]] yang merupakan Uskup Agung [[Genoa]], dan Kardinal [[Giovanni Benelli]], kubu [[liberal]] yang merupakan Uskup Agung [[Firenze]] (Florence) dan seorang teman dekat [[Paus Yohanes Paulus I]].<ref name="Time1978b">{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912229-4,00.html|title=A "Foreign" Pope|date=30 October 1978|work=Time magazine |page=4|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref>
Pendukung Benelli begitu yakin bahwa ia bisa terpilih, pada putaran pemungutan suara pertama, Benelli memenangkan sembilan suara.<ref name="Time1978b"/> Namun, dari skala oposisi berarti suara yang diperoleh para calon tidak mencukupi untuk menjadi yang terpilih. Kardinal Franz König, Uskup Agung [[Wina]], mengusulkan kepada para rekan pemilih lainnya untuk mengajukan kandidat kompromi: Kardinal Karol Józef Wojtyła dari Polandia.<ref name="Time1978b"/> Wojtyła akhirnya memenangkan pemilihan dengan delapan surat suara pada hari kedua, menurut media Italia, 99 suara dari 111 pemilih memilihnya. Dia kemudian memilih nama Yohanes Paulus II<ref name = "Vatican2"/><ref name="Time1978b"/> untuk menghormati pendahulunya, dan asap putih muncul untuk memberitahu khalayak yang berkumpul di
[[Berkas:Jp2koran.jpg|thumb|left|Paus Yohanes Paulus memegang dan mencium kitab suci [[Islam]]; [[Al-Qur'an]].]]▼
Wojtyła menjadi Paus ke 264 menurut kronologis [[daftar Paus]] dan menjadi Paus non Italia pertama sejak 455 tahun.<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1978/The-Election-of-Pope-John-Paul-II/12309251197005-5/ 1978 Year in Review: The Election of Pope John Paul II]</ref> Dengan usia 58 tahun, dia adalah Paus termuda yang dilantik sejak [[Paus Pius IX]] pada 1846, yang berusia 54 tahun.<ref name = "Vatican2"/> Seperti halnya pendahulunya, Paus Yohanes Paulus II meniadakan penobatan kepausan tradisional yang seperti pelantikan dalam kerajaan, sebagai gantinya menerima pelantikan gerejawi yang disederhanakan pada 22 Oktober 1978. Selama pelantikan, ketika para kardinal berlutut di hadapannya untuk mengambil sumpah mereka dan mencium cincinnya, dia berdiri ketika Kardinal Stefan Wyszyński dari Polandia berlutut, menghentikannya mencium cincin dan memeluknya.<ref name="Vatican-bio-en">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html |title=Events in the Pontificate of John Paul II |accessdate=2009-01-01|date=30 June 2005}}</ref>
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Baris 88 ⟶ 87:
Salah satu lawatan resmi Paus Yohanes Paulus II yang pertama, adalah ke [[Polandia]] pada Juni [[1979]]. Di sana sebuah [[misa]] diadakannya di [[Lapangan Kemenangan, Warsawa|Lapangan Kemenangan]] di [[Warsawa]], sebuah peristiwa yang memiliki efek dalam mempersatukan gerakan persatuan Buruh Polandia [[Solidaritas]]. [http://religion-cults.com/pope/communism.htm]
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== Karya ==
=== Pengajaran ===
[[File:Pope John Paul II.jpg|thumb|left|
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Sebagai Paus, salah satu peran Yohanes Paulus II yang paling penting adalah untuk mengajar orang tentang agama Kristen. Dia menulis 14 ensiklik Paus dan mengajarkan tentang "Teologi Tubuh".
Dalam suratnya ''Di awal milenium yang baru'' (''[[Novo Millennio Ineunte]]'') dia menekankan pentingnya semua prioritas gereja pada Yesus Kristus: "Tidak, kami tidak akan diselamatkan oleh program namun oleh Manusia."
▲[[File:Pope John Paul II.jpg|thumb|left|Pope John Paul II in [[Saint Peter's Square]] (1985)]]
Dalam ''Cahaya Kebenaran'' (''[[Veritatis Splendor]]''), dia menekankan ketergantungan manusia pada Allah dan HukumNya ("Tanpa Sang Pencipta, makhluk ciptaan akan hilang") dan "ketergantungan kebebasan pada kebenaran". Dia mengingatkan bahwa manusia yang "menggantungkan dirinya sendiri pada [[relativisme]] dan [[skeptisime]], akan tersesat dalam pencarian kebebasan semu jauh dari kebenaran itu sendiri".
Dalam ''Iman dan Akal budi'' (''[[Fides et Ratio]]'') Yohanes Paulus II mempromosikan minat baru dalam filsafat dan pencarian kebenaran dalam hal-hal teologis. Mengambil dari berbagai jenis sumber (seperti dari [[Thomisme]]), dia menggambarkan hubungan saling mendukung antara iman dan akal, dan menekankan para teolog harus fokus pada hubungan itu.
Yohanes Paulus II juga menulis banyak tentang kelompok pekerja dan doktrin sosial dari Gereja, dituangkannya dalam tiga [[ensiklik]]. Melalui ensiklik dan banyak Surat Apostolik serta Opininya, Yohanes Paulus II membahas tentang martabat perempuan dan pentingnya keluarga dalam masa depan kemanusiaan.<ref name="Memory"/>
Ensiklik lain termasuk ''Injil Kehidupan'' (''[[Evangelium Vitae]]'') dan ''[[Ut Unum Sint]]'' (''Supaya Mereka Semua Menjadi Satu''). Meskipun banyak kritik yang menuduhnya tidak fleksibel, dia menegaskan kembali ajaran moral Katolik menentang pembunuhan, [[eutanasia]] dan aborsi yang telah ada lebih dari seribu tahun.<ref name="Memory"/>
{{cquote|''
▲{{cquote|''As the family goes, so goes the nation and so goes the whole world in which we live.''|25px|25px|<small>Pope John Paul II</small><ref name="Quotes2"/>}}
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=== Perjalanan pastoral ===
▲[[Berkas:Jp2koran.jpg|thumb|left|Paus Yohanes Paulus memegang dan mencium kitab suci [[Islam]]; [[Al-Qur'an]].]]
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{{Main|Pastoral trips of Pope John Paul II}}
[[File:John Paul II Polish Parliament 1999 5.jpg|thumb|Pope John Paul II's visit to the [[National Assembly of the Republic of Poland|Polish Parliament]] on 11 June 1999]]
[[File:John Paul II George W. Bush July 2001.jpg|thumb|Former US President [[George W. Bush]] and [[Laura Bush]] visit Pope John Paul II at [[Castel Gandolfo]] on 23 July 2001]]
During his pontificate, Pope John Paul II made trips to 129 countries,<ref name="Chronicle2"/> and logged more than 1.1 million km (725,000 miles). He consistently attracted large crowds on his travels, some amongst the largest ever assembled in [[history of the world|human history]] like the [[World Youth Day 1995|Manila World Youth Day]], which gathered around 5 million people.<ref name="AsiaNews"/> Some have suggested that it may have been the largest Christian gathering ever, although this is not certain.<ref>{{cite web| title=Manila World Youth Day |url=http://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/World_Youth_Day_1995|publisher=Wikipedia|accessdate=2010-09-13}}</ref>
Two of John Paul II's earliest official visits were to Mexico in January 1979 and Poland in June 1979, where ecstatic crowds constantly surrounded him.<ref name="OnThisDay">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/2/newsid_3972000/3972361.stm|title=1979: Millions cheer as the Pope comes home|work=from "On This Day, 2 June 1979,"|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01 | date=2 June 1979}}</ref> This first trip to Poland uplifted the whole nation's spirit and sparked the formation of the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] movement in 1980, which brought freedom and [[human rights]] to his troubled country.<ref name="Memory"/> On later trips to Poland, he gave tacit support to the organization.<ref name="Memory"/> Successive trips reinforced this message and Poland began the process that would finally defeat the domination of the [[Soviet Union]] in [[Eastern Europe]] in 1989.<ref name="CBCNews"/><ref name="Berlin Wall"/><ref name="Bottum"/><ref name="Chronicle2"/><ref name="Gorbachev"/><ref name="OnThisDay"/>
While some of his trips (such as to the United States and the [[Holy Land]]) were to places previously visited by [[Pope Paul VI]], John Paul II became the first pope to visit the [[White House]] during his October 1979 U.S. trip, where he was [[List of meetings between the President of the United States and the Pope|greeted warmly by then-President]] [[Jimmy Carter]]. He also travelled to countries that no pope had ever visited before. He was the first pope to visit Mexico in January 1979,<ref name="Mexico">{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E3D91038F933A05754C0A9649C8B63|title=Pope to Visit a Mexico Divided Over His Teachings |last=Thompson|first=Ginger|date=30 July 2002|work= The New York Times |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> before his initial trip to Poland as Pope, as well as to Ireland later that year.<ref name="Ireland">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4229807.stm|title=Irish remember 1979 Papal visit |date=2 April 2005|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref name="CatholicIreland">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicireland.net/pages/index.php?nd=206&art=569|title= The Pope’s visit to Ireland |publisher=CatholicIreland.net|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> He was the first reigning pope to [[Pope John Paul II's visit to the United Kingdom|travel to the United Kingdom]], in 1982,<ref name="UK Visit">{{cite web |url=http://www.popejohnpaulii.org.uk/|title=28 May 1982: Pope John Paul II becomes first pontiff to visit Britain|accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=[http://www.catholic-ew.org.uk/ Bishops’ Conference of England and Wales]}}</ref> where he met [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]], the [[Supreme Governor of the Church of England|Supreme Governor]] of the [[Church of England]].<ref name="UK Visit"/> He travelled to Haiti in 1983, where he spoke in [[Creole language|Creole]] to thousands of impoverished Catholics gathered to greet him at the airport. His message, "things must change in Haiti", referring to the disparity between the wealthy and the poor, was met with thunderous applause.<ref>{{cite book |last=Abbott|first=Elizabeth|title=Haiti: The Duvalier Years|publisher=McGraw Hill Book Company|year=1988|pages = 260–262|isbn=0-07-046029-9}}</ref> In 2000, he was the first modern pope to visit [[Egypt]],<ref name="PopeEgypt">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/654651.stm|title=Pope pleads for harmony between faiths |date=24 February 2000|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> where he met with the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic pope]], [[Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria|Pope Shenouda III]]<ref name="PopeEgypt"/> and the [[List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria|Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria]].<ref name="PopeEgypt"/><ref name="Egypt">{{cite web|url=http://www.coptic.net/public/news/2000-10-27.txt|title=Reception of His Holiness Catholicos Karekin II|date=27 October 2000|publisher=The Christian Coptic Orthodox Church Of Egypt|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> He was the first Catholic pope to visit and pray in an [[Islam]]ic [[mosque]], in [[Damascus]], [[Syria]] in 2001. He visited the [[Umayyad Mosque]], a former [[Christian Church|Christian church]] where [[John the Baptist]] is believed to be interred,<ref name="Mosque">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/1316812.stm|title=Mosque visit crowns Pope's tour|last=Plett|first=Barbara|date= 7 May 2001|work= BBC News|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> where he made a speech calling for Muslims, Christians and Jews to work together.<ref name="Mosque"/><ref name="Damascus">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/pope0264qr.htm|title=Pope John Paul II - Address at Omayyad Mosque of Damascus - 6 May 2001|publisher=The Catholic Community Forum and Liturgical Publications of St. Louis, Inc|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref>
On 15 January 1995, during the [[World Youth Day 1995|X World Youth Day]], he offered Mass to an estimated crowd of between five and seven million in [[Rizal Park|Luneta Park]],<ref name="AsiaNews">{{cite web|url=http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=2947&dos=48&size=A|title=The Philippines, 1995: Pope dreams of "the Third Millennium of Asia"|date=4 April 2005|publisher=AsiaNews |accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> [[Manila]], Philippines, which was considered to be the ''largest single gathering'' in [[History of Christianity|Christian history]].<ref name="AsiaNews"/> In March 2000, while visiting [[Jerusalem]], John Paul became the first pope in history to visit and pray at the [[Western Wall]].<ref name="BBCIsrael"/><ref name="ADL2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/interfaith/JohnPaul_II_Visit.pdf|title=Pope John Paul II's Visit to Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian Authority: A Pilgrimage of Prayer, Hope and Reconciliation|last=Klenicki|first=Rabbi Leon|date=13 April 2006|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref> In September 2001, amidst post-[[11 September attacks|11 September]] concerns, he travelled to [[Kazakhstan]], with an audience largely consisting of Muslims, and to [[Armenia]], to participate in the celebration of the 1,700 years of [[Christianity]] in that nation.<ref name="NewYorkTimes3">{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E2DA113BF932A1575AC0A9679C8B63|title=Pope to Leave for Kazakhstan and Armenia This Weekend |last=Henneberger|first=Melinda|date=21 September 2001|work= The New York Times|accessdate=2009-01-01}}</ref>
{{cquote|''Today, for the first time in history, a Bishop of Rome sets foot on English soil. This fair land, once a distant outpost of the [[pagan]] world, has become, through the preaching of the Gospel, a beloved and gifted portion of Christ's vineyard.''|25px|25px|<small>Pope John Paul II ''(1982)''</small><ref name="Quotes2"/>}}
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[[List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II outside Italy|{{fontcolor|DarkBlue|'''Pope John Paul II’s World Travels:'''}}]]<ref name="Holy See">{{cite web |url=http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/index.htm|title=The Holy See: ''Jubilee Pilgrimages of the Holy Father'' |accessdate=2009-01-01|publisher=Holy See}}</ref>
{{Pope John Paul II/travels}}
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| style="width:58%; vertical-align: top;" |[[File:JPIITravelsMap.svg|400px|thumb|left|Map indicating countries Pope John Paul II visited.]]
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=== Kepemudaan ===
== Percobaan-percobaan pembunuhan ==
Pada [[13 Mei]] [[1981]], Yohanes Paulus II hampir tewas ketika ditembak oleh [[Mehmet Ali Agca|Mehmet Ali Ağca]], seorang ekstremis [[Turki]], kala masuk [[Lapangan Santo Petrus]] untuk bertemu umat. Ağca akhirnya dihukum penjara [[hukuman seumur hidup|seumur hidup]].
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