Pengepungan Konstantinopel (717–718): Perbedaan antara revisi
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== Tahap pembukaan kampanye ==
[[File:Solidus-Anastasius II-sb1463.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''[[solidus (koin)|Solidus]]'' [[emas]] Anastasios II (
Keberhasilan Arab membuka jalan untuk serangan kedua pada [[Konstantinopel]], adalah suatu usaha yang sudah dimulai semenjak Khalifah [[al-Walid bin Abdul-Malik|al-Walid I]] (
<!--Arab preparations, especially the construction of a large fleet, did not go unnoticed by the worried Byzantines. Emperor [[Anastasios II]] (r. 713–715) sent an embassy to Damascus under the [[patrikios|patrician]] and [[Eparch of Constantinople|urban prefect]], Daniel of [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinop]]e, ostensibly in order to plea for peace, but in reality to spy on the Arabs. Anastasios, in turn, began to prepare for the inevitable siege: the [[Walls of Constantinople|fortifications]] of Constantinople were repaired and equipped with ample artillery, while food stores were brought into the city and those inhabitants who could not stockpile food to last for three years evacuated.<ref>{{harvnb|Mango|Scott|1997|p=534}}; {{harvnb|Lilie|1976|pp=122–123}}; {{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|pp=343–344}}.</ref> Anastasios strengthened his navy and in early 715 dispatched it against the Arab fleet that had come to the shores of [[Lycia]] at [[Finike|Phoenix]]—it is also likely that this is a confusion with [[Fenaket|Phoenix]] across [[Rhodes]],<ref>{{harvnb|Mango|Scott|1997|p=537 (Note #5)}}.</ref> and perhaps even with [[Phoenicia]] (modern [[Lebanon]]), famed for its [[Cedrus libani|cedar]] forests<ref>{{harvnb|Lilie|1976|p=123 (Note #62)}}.</ref>—to collect timber for their ships. At Rhodes, however, the Byzantine fleet, encouraged by the soldiers of the [[Opsician Theme]], rebelled, killed their commander John the Deacon and sailed north to [[Adramyttium]]. There, they raised a rather reluctant former tax collector Emperor [[Theodosios III]].<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|p=80}}; {{harvnb|Mango|Scott|1997|pp=535–536}}; {{harvnb|Lilie|1976|pp=123–124}}; {{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|p=344}}.</ref> Anastasios crossed into [[Bithynia]] in the Opsician Theme to confront the rebellion, but the rebel fleet sailed on to [[Chrysopolis]]. From there, it launched attacks against Constantinople, until, in late summer, sympathizers within the capital opened its gates to them. Anastasios held out at [[Nicaea (city)|Nicaea]] for several months, finally agreeing to resign and retire as a monk.<ref>{{harvnb|Haldon|1990|pp=80, 82}}; {{harvnb|Mango|Scott|1997|p=536}}; {{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|pp=344–345}}.</ref> The accession of Theodosios, who by all accounts was both unwilling and incapable, as a puppet emperor of the Opsicians provoked the reaction of the other themes, especially the [[Anatolics]] and the [[Armeniacs]] under their respective ''[[strategos|strategoi]]'' (generals) [[Leo the Isaurian]] and [[Artabasdus]].<ref>{{harvnb|Lilie|1976|p=124}}; {{harvnb|Treadgold|1997|p=345}}.</ref>
[[File:Anatolia ca 740 AD.svg|thumb|250px|left|Map of Byzantine Asia Minor and Thrace circa 740 AD]]
In these conditions of near-civil war, the Arabs began their carefully prepared advance. In September 715, the vanguard, under general Sulayman ibn Mu'ad, marched over [[Cilicia]] into Asia Minor, taking the strategic fortress of [[Loulon]] on its way. They wintered at Afik, an unidentified location near the western exit of the [[Cilician Gates]]. In early 716, Sulayman's army continued into central Asia Minor. The Umayyad fleet under Umar ibn Hubaira cruised along the Cilician coast, while Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik awaited developments with the main army in Syria.<ref>{{harvnb|Guilland|1959|p=111}}; {{harvnb|Mango|Scott|1997|p=538}}; {{harvnb|Lilie|1976|pp=123–125}}.</ref>
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