Gejala Covid-19: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Gejala COVID-19''' bervariasi, mulai dari gejala ringan hingga berat.<ref name="CDC2020Sym">{{citeCite web|date=1322 MayFebruari 20202021|title=SymptomsCoronavirus ofDisease Coronavirus2019 (COVID-19) – Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|archive-urllanguage=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617081119/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019en-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms.html|archive-date=17 June 2020us|access-date=1828 JuneFebruari 20202021|url-statusrev=live}}</ref><ref22 name="autogenerated1">{{citeFebruari journal|date=23 June 2020|title=The prevalence of symptoms in 24,410 adults infected by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies from 9 countries|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=6|pages=e0234765|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1534765G|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0234765|pmc=7310678|pmid=32574165|vauthors=Grant MC, Geoghegan L, Arbyn M, Mohammed Z, McGuinness L, Clarke EL, Wade RG|s2cid=2200462862021}}</ref> Gejala yang umum ditemukan meliputi [[sakit kepala]], [[Anosmia|kehilangan indera penciuman]] dan [[Ageusia|indera perasa]], hidung tersumbat yang disertai [[pilek]], batuk, nyeri otot, [[sakit tenggorokan]], [[demam]], [[diare]], dan sesak nafas.<ref name=":0ECDC-CLINICAL">{{Cite web|title=Clinical characteristics of COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/clinical|website=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control|language=en|access-date=2020-12-2928 Februari 2021}}</ref> Meskipun demikian, penderita yang terinfeksi mungkin saja mendapati gejala yang berbeda.

Terdapat tiga kelompok gejala yang telah teridentifikasi. Kelompok gejala pertama meliputi gejala-gejala pernapasan, seperti batuk, [[dahak]], napas pendek, dan demam. Kelompok gejala kedua meliputi gejala-gejala muskuloskeletal, seperti nyeri pada otot dan sendi, sakit kepala, dan kelelahan. Kelompok gejala ketiga meliputi gejala-gejala pencernaan, seperti sakit pada bagian perut, muntah, dan diare.<ref name=":0ECDC-CLINICAL" /> Pada orang-orang yang sebelumnya tidak memilikimengalami kelainan telingagejala, hidung,hilangnya indera penciuman dan tenggorokan,perasa bisa menjadi gejala pertama penyakit [[Penyakit koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] juga dapat menyebabkan hilangnya indera penciuman dan perasa.<ref name="pmid32483687">{{citeCite journal|last=Niazkar|first=Hamid Reza|last2=Zibaee|first2=Behdad|last3=Nasimi|first3=Ali|last4=Bahri|first4=Narjes|date=July 2020-07-01|title=The neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a review article|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04486-3|journal=Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology|language=en|volume=41|issue=7|pages=1667–1671|doi=10.1007/s10072-020-04486-3|issn=1590-3478|pmc=7262683PMC7262683|pmid=32483687|vauthors=Niazkar HR, Zibaee B, Nasimi A, Bahri N}}</ref>

Kebanyakan penderita (81%) mengalami gejala ringan hingga sedang (seperti [[pneumonia]] ringan), sementara 14% lainnya mendapati gejala berat (seperti [[dispnea]] dan [[hipoksia]]) dan 5% sisanya mendapati gejala kritis (seperti [[Kegagalan pernapasan|kegagalan sistem pernapasan]], [[syok]], dan disfungsi organ).<ref name="CDC Interim Guidance">{{cite web|date=6 April 2020|title=Interim Clinical Guidance for Management of Patients with Confirmed Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidance-management-patients.html|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302201644/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-guidance-management-patients.html|archive-date=2 March 2020|access-date=19 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Setidaknya sepertiga penderita yang terinfeksi virus ini tidak menunjukkan gejala dalam selang waktu tertentu, atau disebut [[asimtomatik]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oran|first=Daniel P.|last2=Topol|first2=Eric J.|date=2021-01-22|title=The Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 Infections That Are Asymptomatic|url=https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-6976|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|doi=10.7326/M20-6976|issn=0003-4819|pmc=7839426}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=TransmissionPenderita ofasimtomatik COVID-19|url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/latest-evidence/transmission|website=Europeanseperti Centreini formemiliki Diseasekemungkinan Preventionuntuk andtidak menjalani tes Control|language=en|accessCOVID-date=2020-12-06}}</ref>19,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=NogradyHao|first=BiancaXingjie|last2=Cheng|first2=Shanshan|last3=Wu|first3=Degang|last4=Wu|first4=Tangchun|last5=Lin|first5=Xihong|last6=Wang|first6=Chaolong|date=2020-11-1808|title=WhatReconstruction of the datafull saytransmission aboutdynamics asymptomaticof COVID-19 infectionsin Wuhan|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586s41586-020-031412554-38|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=587584|issue=78357821|pages=534–535420–424|doi=10.1038/d41586s41586-020-031412554-38|pmidissn=33214725|doi1476-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Asymptomatic">{{cite journal4687|datequote=MayWe 2020|title=Aestimate Systematic87% Review(lower ofbound, Asymptomatic Infections with COVID-19|journal=Journal53%) of Microbiology,the Immunology,infections andbefore Infection8 =March Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi|doi=10.1016/j.jmii.2020.05.001|pmc=7227597|pmid=32425996|vauthors=Gao Z,were Xuunascertained Y,(potentially Sunincluding C,asymptomatic Wangand X,mildly Guosymptomatic Y,individuals); Qiuand S,a Mabasic K|doi-access=free}}</ref>reproduction Penderitanumber asimtomatik(R0) iniof biasanya3.54 tidak(95% menjalanicredible tesinterval COVID-19 sehingga memiliki kemungkinan untuk menyebarkan penyakit ini3.<ref40–3.67) name="Asymptomatic"in /><ref>Oran,the Danielearly P.outbreak, andmuch Erichigher J.than Topol. “Prevalencethat of Asymptomaticsevere SARS-CoV-2acute Infectionrespiratory :syndrome A(SARS) Narrativeand Review.”Middle ''AnnalsEast ofrespiratory Internal Medicine''. vol. 173,5syndrome (2020MERS): 362-367. doi:10.7326}}</M20-3012ref> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7281624/tetapi PMID:tetap 32491919]dapat Retrievedmenyebarkan 14 January 2021virus.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|date=June 2020|title=Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Facts and myths|journal=Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi|volume=53|issue=3|pages=404–412|doi=10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.012|pmc=7128959|pmid=32173241|vauthors=Lai CC, Liu YH, Wang CY, Wang YH, Hsueh SC, Yen MY, Ko WC, Hsueh PR}}</ref><ref name="pmid32364890">{{citeBeberapa journal|date=Julypenderita 2020|title=Evidence Supporting Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 While Presymptomatic or Asymptomatic|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=26|issue=7|doi=10.3201/eid2607.201595|pmc=7323549|pmid=32364890|vauthors=Furukawa NW, Brooks JT, Sobel J|doiCOVID-access=free}}</ref>19 Beberapa penderita inijuga baru akan menunjukkan gejala setelah selang waktu tertentu, atau disebut "presimtomatik".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Furukawa|first1=Nathan W.|last2=Brooks|first2=John T.|last3=Sobel|first3=Jeremy|date=4 May 2020|title=Evidence Supporting Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 While Presymptomatic or Asymptomatic|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/7/20-1595_article|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=26|issue=7|doi=10.3201/eid2607.201595|pmc=7323549|pmid=32364890|access-date=29 September 2020}}</ref>

Sama seperti infeksi pada umumnya, terdapat [[Masa inkubasi|jeda waktu]] antara terpaparnya penderita dengan virus hingga munculnya gejala. [[Median]] dari jeda waktu ini berkisar antara empat hingga lima hari.<ref name="pmid32329974">{{cite journal|last=Gandhi|first=Rajesh T.|last2=Lynch|first2=John B.|last3=Rio|first3=Carlos del|date=April 2020|title=Mild or Moderate Covid-19|url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMcp2009249|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=383|issue=18|pages=1757–17661758|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp2009249|pmid=32329974|vauthors=Gandhi RT, Lynch JB, Del Rio C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Sebagian besar penderita bergejala mulai mengalami gejala antara dua hingga tujuh hari setelah terpapar virus dan hampir semuanya pernah mengalami setidaknya satu gejala dalam selang waktu 12 hari.<ref name="pmid32329974" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wiersinga|first=W. Joost|last2=Rhodes|first2=Andrew|last3=Cheng|first3=Allen C.|last4=Peacock|first4=Sharon J.|last5=Prescott|first5=Hallie C.|date=August 2020|title=Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2768391|journal=JAMA|volume=324|issue=8|pages=782–793|doi=10.1001/jama.2020.12839|pmid=32648899|vauthorsquote=WiersingaThe WJ,mean Rhodes(interquartile A,range) Chengincubation AC,period Peacock(the SJ,time Prescottfrom HCexposure to symptom onset) for COVID-19 is approximately 5 (2-7) days.|s2cid=220465311|doi-access=free|s2cid=220465311}}</ref> dan hampir semuanya pernah mengalami setidaknya satu gejala dalam selang waktu 11,5 hari.<ref name="pmid32329974" />

Kebanyakan penderita dapat sembuh dari fase akut penyakit. Meskipun demikian, beberapa penderita lainnya tetap menderita efek yang bervariasi hingga beberapa bulan setelah sembuh,<ref name="UniWashingtonSep20" /> atau disebut [[long COVID]]. Penelitian lebih lanjut masih diperlukan untuk mengetahui efek jangka panjang dari penyakit ini.<ref>{{Cite webjournal|last=CDCBaig|first=Abdul Mannan|date=2020-0210-1123|title=Chronic COVID-19 Syndrome: Need for an appropriate medical terminology for Long‐COVID and YourCOVID HealthLong‐Haulers|url=https://wwwonlinelibrary.cdcwiley.govcom/coronavirusdoi/2019-ncov10.1002/long-term-effectsjmv.html26624|websitejournal=CentersJournal forof DiseaseMedical Control and PreventionVirology|language=en-us|access-datepages=2021-01jmv.26624|doi=10.1002/jmv.26624|issn=0146-236615}}</ref> Penelitian lebih lanjut masih diperlukan untuk mengetahui efek jangka panjang dari penyakit ini.