BP (perusahaan): Perbedaan antara revisi
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== Struktur perusahaan ==
===Manajemen===
Helge Lund adalah ketua dewan direksi BP plc dengan Bernard Looney sebagai chief executive officer.<ref name="bp280418">{{cite press release |url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/news- and-insights/press-releases/helge-lund-to-suceed-carl-henric-svanberg-as-chairman.html |title=Helge Lund untuk menggantikan Carl-Henric Svanberg sebagai ketua BP |publisher=BP |date=28 April 2018 |access-date=21 Maret 2019 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>
Mulai Februari 2020, individu-individu berikut menjabat di [[Dewan direksi|dewan]]:<ref name="BP">{{cite web |url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/ corporate/who-we-are/board-and-executive-management/the-board.html |title=Dewan |publisher=BP Plc |access-date=28 Februari 2020 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
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* [[John Sawers|John Sawers, GCMG]] (direktur non-eksekutif independen)
===Saham===
Saham BP terdiri dari saham BP asli serta saham yang diperoleh melalui merger dengan [[Amoco]] pada tahun 1998 dan [[ARCO|Atlantic Richfield Company]] (ARCO) pada tahun 2000.<ref name="BBC1998dium ref name=
Setelah Amerika Serikat [[Federal Trade Commission]] menyetujui merger BP-Amoco pada tahun 1998, saham Amoco dikeluarkan dari [[S&P 500|Standard & Poor's 500]] dan digabungkan dengan saham BP di [[London Bursa Efek]].<ref name="BBC1998">{{cite news |title=Bisnis: Perusahaan Mengajukan Lampu Hijau untuk BP Amoco |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business /244864.stm |work=BBC News |date=30 Desember 1998 |access-date=28 Agustus 2012}}</ref> Merger dengan Amoco menghasilkan kenaikan harga saham sebesar 40% pada April 1999.<ref name="Brierly1999">{{cite news |title=BP membuatnya kaya di Amerika |last1=Brierly |first1=David |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/bp-strikes-it- rich-in-america-1084972.html |newspaper=The Independent |date=4 April 1999 |access-date=28 Agustus 2012 |location=London}}</ref> Namun, saham turun hampir 25% pada awal tahun 2000, ketika Komisi Perdagangan Federal menyatakan penentangan terhadap akuisisi ARCO oleh BP-Amoco.<ref name="NYTFeb2000">{{cite news |title=BP A Laba Kuartal ke-4 moco Berlipat ganda karena Kenaikan Harga Minyak |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/16/business/bp-amoco-s-4th-quarter-profit-doubled-on-rise- in-oil-prices.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=16 Februari 2000 |access-date=28 Agustus 2012}}</ref> Akuisisi ini akhirnya disetujui pada April 2000, meningkatkan nilai saham 57 sen dari sebelumnya tahun.<ref name="CNNMoney2000">{{cite news |title=BP meningkatkan laba 2Q |url=https://money.cnn.com/2000/08/08/europe/bp/index.htm |publisher =CNN |date=8 Agustus 2000 |access-date=28 Agustus 2012}}</ref>
Tumpahan minyak Deepwater Horizon pada April 2010 mengawali penurunan tajam harga saham, dan saham BP kehilangan sekitar 50% nilainya dalam 50 hari.<ref name="SmithApril2011">{{cite news |title=BP satu tahun pada : Bagaimana peristiwa berlangsung |last1=Smith |first1=Hannah |url=http://www.ifaonline.co.uk/ifaonline/news/2044806/bp-events-unfolded |newspaper=IFAonline |date=20 April 2011 |akses -date=28 Agustus 2012}}</ref> Saham BP mencapai titik terendah $26,97 per saham pada tanggal 25 Juni 2010.<ref name="Hays2010">{{cite news |title=Saham BP melambung karena tumpahan menyebar |last1= Hays |first1=Kristen |last2=Schnurr |first2=Leah |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-oil-spill/bp-shares-soar-as-spill-spreads-idUKTRE64U0OW20100706 |work= Reuters |date=7 Juli 2010 |access-date=28 Agustus 2012}}</ref> Saham mencapai level tertinggi pasca-tumpahan sebesar $49,50 pada awal 2011.<ref>
Pada 22 Maret 2013, BP mengumumkan $8 miliar [[Saham|pembelian kembali saham]].<ref name=forbes220313/><ref name="Bloomberg 04102013"/> Keputusan pembelian kembali mengikuti penutupan kesepakatan TNK-BP dan telah untuk mengimbangi pengenceran laba per saham menyusul hilangnya dividen dari TNK-BP.<ref name="Bloomberg 04102013"/> Pembelian kembali juga dilihat sebagai cara untuk menginvestasikan kelebihan uang tunai dari kesepakatan TNK-BP.<ref name ="Bloomberg 04102013"/>
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By 2008, BP's branding campaign had succeeded with the culmination of a 2007 Effie Award from the [[American Marketing Association]], and consumers had the impression that BP was one of the greenest petroleum companies in the world.<ref>Gregory Solman for Adweek 21 January 2008 [http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising/coloring-public-opinion-91644 Coloring Public Opinion?]<div id="vmu80wuok6" class="shield-container" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; display: -webkit-inline-box; width: 16px; height: 16px;"><div data-reactroot="" class="shield_container"><div class="wot_shield shield shield_green "></div></div></div></ref> BP was criticised by environmentalists and marketing experts, who stated that the company's alternative energy activities were only a fraction of the company's business at the time.<ref>Stephen A. Greyser for the Harvard Business Review Magazine. 9 June 2010 [http://blogs.hbr.org/hbsfaculty/2010/06/the-bp-brands-avoidable-fall.html The BP Brand's Avoidable Fall]<div id="osypg31oc3" class="shield-container" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; display: -webkit-inline-box; width: 16px; height: 16px;"><div data-reactroot="" class="shield_container"><div class="wot_shield shield shield_green "></div></div></div></ref> According to [[Democracy Now]], BP's marketing campaign amounted to a deceptive [[greenwashing]] public-relations [[spin (public relations)|spin campaign]] given that BP's 2008 budget included more than $20 billion for fossil fuel investment and less than $1.5 billion for all alternative forms of energy.<ref name="Amy Goodman" /><ref name="Kempff">[http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/Global/usa/report/2010/1/carbon-scam-noel-kempff-clima.pdf ''Carbon Scam'': Noel Kempff Climate Action Project and the Push for Sub-national Forest Offsets]<div id="zavogq78gt" class="shield-container" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; display: -webkit-inline-box; width: 16px; height: 16px;"><div data-reactroot="" class="shield_container"><div class="wot_shield shield shield_green "></div></div></div> Sub-prime carbon brought to you by AEP, BP, and Pacificorp, Greenpeace 10/2009 pages 4–5 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628234759/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/Global/usa/report/2010/1/carbon-scam-noel-kempff-clima.pdf |date=28 June 2011 }}<div id="uypjv6a1jm" class="shield-container" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; display: -webkit-inline-box; width: 16px; height: 16px;"><div data-reactroot="" class="shield_container"><div class="wot_shield shield shield_green "></div></div></div><span> 28 June 2011 di </span>[[Wayback Machine]]<span>.</span>
{{Cite episode
| title = BP Funnels Millions into Lobbying to Influence Regulation and Rebrand Image
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| network = [[Democracy Now]]
| airdate = 5 May 2010}}
</ref><ref name=reuters211211/> According to Juhasz, "four percent...hardly qualifies the company to be Beyond Petroleum", citing BP's "aggressive modes of production, whether it's the tar sands [or] offshore".<ref name="Amy Goodman"/>
BP attained a negative public image from the series of industrial accidents that occurred through the 2000s, and its public image was severely damaged after the Deepwater Horizon explosion and Gulf Oil spill. In the immediate aftermath of the spill, [[Reactions to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill#BP public relations|BP initially downplayed the severity of the incident]], and made many of the same PR errors that Exxon had made after the ''Exxon Valdez'' disaster.<ref>Ann C Mulkern for ''The New York Times''. 10 June 2010 [https://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/06/10/10greenwire-bps-pr-blunders-mirror-exxons-appear-destined-98819.html BP's PR Blunders Mirror Exxon's, Appear Destined for Record Book]<div id="wfd0csb3na" class="shield-container" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; display: -webkit-inline-box; width: 16px; height: 16px;"><div data-reactroot="" class="shield_container"><div class="wot_shield shield shield_green "></div></div></div></ref><ref name="Wired">{{cite news|last=Van Buskirk|first=Eliot|title=BP's Social Media Campaign Going About as Well as Capping That Well|url=https://www.wired.com/business/2010/06/bps-social-media-campaign-going-about-as-well-as-capping-that-well/|work=Wired|access-date=2 April 2013|date=9 June 2010}}</ref> CEO Tony Hayward was criticised for his statements and had committed several gaffes, including stating that he "wanted his life back."<ref>Suzanne Vranica for the Wall Street Journal. 29 December 2010 [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204685004576046302759708050 Public Relations Learned the Hard Way]<div id="gt4tqik45d" class="shield-container" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; display: -webkit-inline-box; width: 16px; height: 16px;"><div data-reactroot="" class="shield_container"><div class="wot_shield shield shield_green "></div></div></div></ref> Some in the media commended BP for some of its social media efforts, such as the use of Twitter and Facebook as well as a section of the company's website where it communicated its efforts to clean up the spill.<ref name="Slate2010">Christopher Beam for Slate. 5 May 2010 [http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2010/05/oil_slick.single.html Oil Slick: How BP is handling its P.R. disaster]<div id="fr1h7sj9b9" class="shield-container" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; display: -webkit-inline-box; width: 16px; height: 16px;"><div data-reactroot="" class="shield_container"><div class="wot_shield shield shield_green "></div></div></div></ref><ref>Elizabeth Shogren for NPR. 21 April 2011 [https://www.npr.org/2011/04/21/135575238/bp-a-textbook-example-of-how-not-to-handle-pr BP: A Textbook Example Of How Not To Handle PR]<div id="tke8shnop2" class="shield-container" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; display: -webkit-inline-box; width: 16px; height: 16px;"><div data-reactroot="" class="shield_container"><div class="wot_shield shield shield_green "></div></div></div></ref><ref>Ian Smith for Intelegia. 24 January 2011. [http://www.intelegia.com/en/2011/01/24/good-content-strategy-or-public-relations/ Good Content Strategy or Public Relations]<div id="k6j92i77dy" class="shield-container" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; display: -webkit-inline-box; width: 16px; height: 16px;"><div data-reactroot="" class="shield_container"><div class="wot_shield shield shield_gray "></div></div></div> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617144304/http://www.intelegia.com/en/2011/01/24/good-content-strategy-or-public-relations/ |date=17 June 2013 }}<div id="q0wjzda8kl" class="shield-container" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; display: -webkit-inline-box; width: 16px; height: 16px;"><div data-reactroot="" class="shield_container"><div class="wot_shield shield shield_gray "></div></div></div><span> 17 June 2013 di </span>[[Wayback Machine]]<span>.</span>
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In February 2012 BP North America launched a $500 million branding campaign to rebuild its brand.<ref>Jonathan Morris for Wall St. Cheat Sheet. 3 February 2012 [https://finance.yahoo.com/news/BP-To-Spend-500M-Restore-Its-wscheats-4005309358.html BP To Spend $500M to Restore Its Brand]<div id="voocuo30wj" class="shield-container" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; display: -webkit-inline-box; width: 16px; height: 16px;"><div data-reactroot="" class="shield_container"><div class="wot_shield shield shield_green "></div></div></div></ref>
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In May 2012, BP tasked a press office staff member to openly join discussions on the Wikipedia article's talk page and suggest content to be posted by other editors.<ref>Brian Merchant for Motherboard. 2 April 2013. [http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/meet-the-pr-guru-who-wants-to-help-corporations-get-heard-on-wikipedia Meet the PR Guru Who Wants to Help Corporations Write Wikipedia]<div id="rf51v3dzfs" class="shield-container" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; display: -webkit-inline-box; width: 16px; height: 16px;"><div data-reactroot="" class="shield_container"><div class="wot_shield shield shield_green "></div></div></div> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403142317/http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/meet-the-pr-guru-who-wants-to-help-corporations-get-heard-on-wikipedia |date=3 April 2013 }}<div id="g38hm4x4my" class="shield-container" style="cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; display: -webkit-inline-box; width: 16px; height: 16px;"><div data-reactroot="" class="shield_container"><div class="wot_shield shield shield_green "></div></div></div><span> 3 April 2013 di </span>[[Wayback Machine]]<span>.</span>
=== Integritas dan kepatuhan ===
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=== Pengakuan LGBTQ ===
Pada tahun 2014, BP mendukung studi global yang meneliti tantangan bagi karyawan lesbian, gay, biseksual, dan transgender dan cara-cara agar perusahaan dapat menjadi "kekuatan untuk perubahan" bagi pekerja LGBT di seluruh dunia.<ref name="FT14">{{cite berita |title=BP mendukung penelitian diskriminasi global |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6c0d3d2a-924d-11e3-9e43-00144feab7de |newspaper=[[Financial Times]] |date=10 Februari 2014 |akses -date=7 November 2017}}</ref> Pada tahun 2015, [[Reuters]] menulis bahwa BP "dikenal karena kebijakan mereka yang lebih liberal untuk pekerja gay dan transgender".<ref name="Driver15">{{cite news |title=Exxon menambahkan perlindungan diskriminasi di AS untuk pekerja LGBT |last1=Driver |first1=Anna |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-exxon-lgbt/exxon-adds-discrimination-protections-in -us-for-lgbt-workers-idUSKBN0L32D420150130 |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=30 Januari 2015 |access-date=7 November 2017 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sebuah artikel 2016 di ''Houston Chronicle'' mengatakan BP adalah "di antara perusahaan besar pertama di Amerika Serikat es untuk menawarkan perlindungan dan manfaat yang setara kepada pekerja LGBT kira-kira 20 tahun yang lalu".<ref>{{cite news |title=Di sektor energi, keluar 'dapat menempatkan Anda dalam risiko' |last1=Blum |first1=Jordan |url=http ://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/In-energy-sector-coming-out-can-put-you-at-risk-6764343.php |newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]
Juga pada tahun 2017, BP menambahkan operasi penggantian kelamin ke dalam daftar manfaatnya bagi karyawan AS.<ref name="Hunn17">{{cite news |title=BP meningkatkan manfaat, termasuk operasi penggantian kelamin |last1=Hunn |first1=David | url=http://www.chron.com/business/energy/article/BP-boosts-benefits-includes-gender-reassignment-11172800.php |newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=26 Mei 2017 |akses -date=7 November 2017}}</ref> Menurut Kampanye Hak Asasi Manusia, BP adalah salah satu dari sedikit perusahaan minyak dan gas yang menawarkan tunjangan transgender kepada karyawannya.<ref name="Hunn17" /> BP berada di peringkat No. 51 dalam daftar 100 pemberi kerja teratas untuk staf lesbian, gay, biseksual, dan transgender pada Indeks Kesetaraan Tempat Kerja Stonewall 2017.<ref name="SWEI">{{cite web |url=http://www.stonewall.org. uk/sites/default/files/top_100_employers_2017-web_0.pdf |title=Stonewall Workplace Equality Index |publisher=Stonewall |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205103741 /http://www.stonewall.or g.uk/sites/default/files/top_100_employers_2017-web_0.pdf |archive-date=5 Februari 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Juga pada tahun 2017, John Mingé, chairman dan presiden BP America, menandatangani sepucuk surat bersama eksekutif minyak Houston lainnya yang mencela usulan "tagihan kamar mandi" di Texas.<ref name="Andrews17">{{cite news |title=Eksekutif minyak Houston bergabung dengan para pemimpin bisnis Dallas dalam mencela 'bathroom bill' Texas |last1=Andrews |first1=Travis M. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/08/01/houston-oil-executives-join-dallas-business-leaders-in-denouncing -texas-bathroom-bill/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=1 Agustus 2017 |access-date=7 November 2017 }}{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
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== Referensi ==
[[Kategori:Perusahaan minyak]]
[[Kategori:Perusahaan multinasional]]
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