Nefilim: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[File:Hieronymus Bosch - The Fall of the Rebel Angels (obverse) - WGA2572.jpg|thumb|right|195px|''The Fall of the Rebel Angels'' karya [[Hieronymus Bosch]] yang didasarkan pada Kejadian 6:1–4]]

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The [[Brown-Driver-Briggs]] Lexicon gives the meaning of Nephilim as "[[giant (mythology)|giant]]s".<ref name="Driver Briggs Hebrew Lexicon' p.658">''Brown Driver Briggs Hebrew Lexicon'' p. 658; Strongs H5307</ref> Many suggested interpretations are based on the assumption that the word is a derivative of Hebrew verbal root ''n-ph-l'' "fall". [[Robert Baker Girdlestone]] <ref>Girdlestone R. ''Old Testament Synonyms'' p. 54</ref> argued the word comes from the [[Hiphil]] [[causative]] stem, implying that the Nephilim are to be perceived as "those that cause others to fall down". [[Adam Clarke]] took it as a perfect participle, "fallen", "apostates". Ronald Hendel states that it is a passive form "ones who have fallen", equivalent grammatically to ''paqid'' "one who is appointed" (i.e., overseer), ''asir'', "one who is bound", (i.e., prisoner) etc.<ref>Hendel R. ed. Auffarth Christoph; Loren T. Stuckenbruck ''The Fall of the Angels'' Brill (22 Feb 2004) ISBN 978-90-04-12668-8 p. 21, 34</ref><ref>Marks, Herbert "Biblical Naming and Poetic Etymology" ''Journal of Biblical Literature'', Vol. 114, No. 1 (Spring, 1995), pp. 21–42</ref> According to the [[Brown-Driver-Briggs]] Lexicon, the basic etymology of the word Nephilim is "dub[ious]", and various suggested interpretations are "all very precarious".<ref>''Brown Driver Briggs Hebrew Lexicon'' p. 658</ref>

 

The majority of ancient biblical versions, including the [[Septuagint]], [[Theodotion]], [[Latin Vulgate]], [[Samaritan Targum]], [[Targum Onkelos]] and [[Targum Neofiti]], interpret the word to mean "giants".<ref>{{cite book |last=Van Ruiten |first=Jacques |title=Primaeval History Interpreted: The Rewriting of Genesis I-II in the Book of Jubilees |page=189 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |year=2000 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1xxo82l7TeQC&pg=PA189 |ISBN=9789004116580}}</ref> [[Symmachus (translator)|Symmachus]] translates it as "the violent ones"<ref name=Wright80-81>{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Archie T. |title=The Origin of Evil Spirits: The Reception of Genesis 6.1-4 in Early Jewish Literature |pages=80–81 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |year=2005 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wzh7LXv4sZkC&pg=PA81 |ISBN=9783161486562}}</ref><ref>The Greek text reads 'οι βιαιοι; the singular root βιαιος means "violence" or "forcible" ([http://archive.org/stream/greekenglishlex00liddrich#page/282/mode/1up Liddell & Scott. ''Greek-English Lexicon,'' 1883.)]</ref><ref name=Stackhouse>{{cite book |last=Stackhouse |first=Thomas |title=A History of the Holy Bible |page=53 |publisher=Blackie & Son |year=1869 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hL0CAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA58}}</ref> and [[Aquila of Sinope|Aquila]]'s translation has been interpreted to mean either "the fallen ones"<ref name=Wright80-81/> or "the ones falling [upon their enemies]".<ref name=Stackhouse/><ref>{{cite conference |last=Salvesen |first=Alison |title=Symmachus Readings in the Pentateuch |booktitle=Origen's Hexapla and Fragments: Papers Presented at the Rich Seminar on the Hexapla, Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, [July] 25th-3rd August 1994 |page=190 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |year=1998 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9xQDu27_HEIC&pg=PA190 |ISBN=9783161465758 |quote=The rendering "he fell upon, attacked" [in Symmachus, Genesis 6:6] is something of a puzzle...If it has been faithfully recorded, it may be related to the rendering of Aquila for the Nephilim in 6:4, οι επιπιπτοντες.}}</ref>

 

 

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===Arguments from culture and mythology===

 

J. C. Greenfield mentions that "it has been proposed that the tale of the Nephilim, alluded to in Genesis 6 is based on some of the negative aspects of the apkallu tradition".<ref>J. C. Greenfield, Article ''Apkallu'' in [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons&source=bl&ots=aFszcWlY3q&sig=P5ibNUm6cJFufa910KKYAhrGpbM&hl=en&ei=nH4xTNu_GoLBcZvVvcIH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=apkallu&f=false K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, "Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible", pp.72–4]</ref> The ''[[apkallu]]'' in [[Sumerian mythology]] were seven legendary [[culture hero]]es from before the [[Flood myth|Flood]], of human descent, but possessing extraordinary wisdom from the gods, and one of the seven ''apkallu'', [[Adapa]], was therefore called "son of [[Ea (Babylonian god)|Ea]]", despite his human origin.<ref>J. C. Greenfield, Article ''Apkallu'' in [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons&source=bl&ots=aFszcWlY3q&sig=P5ibNUm6cJFufa910KKYAhrGpbM&hl=en&ei=nH4xTNu_GoLBcZvVvcIH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=apkallu&f=false K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, "Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible", pp.73]</ref>

[[Cotton Mather]] believed that [[fossil]]ized leg bones and teeth discovered near [[Albany, New York|Albany]], New York, in 1705 were the remains of Nephilim who perished in [[Genesis flood narrative|a great flood]]. However, [[paleontologist]]s have identified these as [[mastodon]] remains.<ref>{{cite book |last = Rigal |first = Laura |title = American Manufactory: Art, Labor, and the World of Things in the Early Republic |publisher = Princeton University Press |year = 2001 |page = 91 |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=-aNPS9dAUrEC&pg=PA91 |isbn = 9780691089515}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Rose |first = Mark |title = When Giants Roamed the Earth |journal = [[Archaeology (magazine)|Archaeology]] |volume=58 |number=6 |date = November–December 2005 |url = http://archive.archaeology.org/0511/etc/giants.html |accessdate = 15 October 2014}}</ref>

 

In the [[Hebrew Bible]], there are a number of other words that, like "Nephilim", are sometimes translated as "giants":

* [[Emim]]—the fearful ones