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== HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) ==
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) adalah virus penyebab AIDS yang menyerang sel darah putih manusia yang merupakan bagian terpenting dalam sistem kekebalan tubuh manusia. Virus ini hidup di dalam darah penderita HIV, virus ini juga tidak memandang usia, warna kulit, orientasi seksual, agama maupum faktor pembeda lainnya. Sekali saja HIV hidup dalam tubuh kita, itu artinya kita sudah terinfeksi virus ini, dan sejauh ini belum ada obat untuk memusnahkan virus HIV ini, namun masih banyak upaya-upaya yang dapat kita lakukan untuk menghindari virus HIV.
== AIDS (Aquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) ==
AIDS (Aquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) adalah kumpulan gejala penyakit syndrome akibat menurunnya sistem kekebalan tubuh manusia. Atau suatu kumpulan gejala penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) yang merusak sel-sel kekebalan tubuh manusia.
Sejarah Virus HIV/AIDS
== Sejarah Virus HIV/AIDS ==
AIDS bermula dari daratan Afrika. Sejarah HIV/AIDS ini bermula dari kebiasaan masyarakat setempat mengosumsi daging kera. Darah kera yang mengandung virus HIV itu lalu masuk ke tubuh manusia, dan kemungkinan mereka menyantap daging kera teresebut karena budaya mereka. Virus ini menyebar di benua Afrika jauh sebelum penelitian AIDS dilakukan. Namun kematian yang dilaporkan bukan karena HIV/AIDS saja, melainkan penyakit seperti TBC dan sesak napas lainnya, dan kemungkinan penyakit ini juga termasuk gejala-gejala awal HIV/AIDS (namun ada juga yang tidak).
Sejarah HIV/AIDS lainnya bermula pada tahun 1983 dari keberhasilan penelitian oleh Jean Claude Cherman dan rekannya Francoise Barre Sinoussi dari Perancis, yang berhasil membuktikan bahwa virus HIV adalah penyebab penyakit AIDS. Nama AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) sendiri diberi nama oleh Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), di Atlanta, AS. Sebelumnya Jean Claude Cherman menyebutnya HTLV-III atau LAV.
Perkembangan virus HIV Dan AIDS
== Perkembangan Virus HIV/AIDS ==
Dalam proses perkembangan virus HIV dari infeksi menjadi penyakit AIDS ada 4 fase, yaitu Fase 1
=== Fase 1 ===
Fase ini dimulai tepat setelah infeksi, dan berlangsung selama beberapa minggu. Fase 1 ditandai dengan tidak enak badan seperti flu, meski pada 20% penderita mengalami flu yang parah, namun tes HIV yang dilakukan pada fase ini mungkin menunjukkan bahwa penderita tidak terinfeksi HIV.
Fase 2
=== Fase 2 ===
Fase ini adalah tahap terpanjang diantara fase lainnya, bahkan dapat berlangsung hingga 10 tahun. Pada fase ini gejala pada penderita hampir tidak terlihat, padahal sebenarnnya pada fase inilah virus sedang berkembang. Secara perlahan HIV menghancurkan sel-sel CD-4 yang berjumlah banyak untuk melawan penyakit, dengan sedikitnya sel-sel CD-4 yang penderita miliki, sistem kekebalan tubuh penderita akan terus menurun, walaupun tubuh akan mengganti sel CD-4 yang rusak sebanyak mungkin, namun tetap saja sel CD-4 akan kalah dengan perkembangan virus HIV yang berkembang sangat cepat.
Fase 3
=== Fase 3 ===
Fase ini dimulai ketika sel CD-4 dalam tubuh sudah dikuasai virus HIV. Ketika sistem kekebalan tubuh sudah gagal, penyakit-penyakit akan mudah masuk ke dalam tubuh penderita, dan ironisnya penyakit ini mengendalikan tubuh penderita dan berbagai gejala penyakitpun berkembang. Pada awalnya terjadi gejala-gejala ringan seperti: lelah, diare, inveksi jamur, demam, berkeringat pada malam hari , berat badan terus menurun, pembengkakkan elenjar limpa, sariawan terus menerus. Tetapi seiring dengan melemahnya sistem kekebalan tubuh, gejala-gejala ini akan semakin parah.
Fase 4
=== Fase 4 ===
Pada fase ini, ketika gejala-gejala penyakit seperti Tuberculosis (Kanker) menjadi semakin parah, selanjutnya penderita didiagnosis menderita AIDS. Pada fase ini obat-obatan anti virus hanya bisa memperlambat perkembangan virus HIV saja.
Penemu Virus HIV/AIDS
== Penemu Virus HIV/AIDS ==
London – Dua ilmuan yang menemukan HIV berbagi Nobel Kedokteran dengan ilmuan yang mengaitkan HPV dengan kangker rahim. Adapun kedua ilmuan ini masing- masing Barre Sinoussi dan Luc Montagnier. Keduanya dinilai berjasa dengan penelitian mereka dalam menemukan virus penyebab AIDS.
Komite Nobel mengatakan penemuan kedua warga perancis itu amat vital dalam membantu para ilmuan memahami biologi dari virus yang mengancam dunia. Lebih dari 25 juta orang meninggal karena HIV/AIDS sejak tahun 1981 dan di seluruh dunia tercatat 33 juta orang yang mengidap virus HIV.
Temuan Sinoussi dan Montagnier antara lain mendorong metode diagnose pasien maupun dalam memeriksa darah, yang membatasi penyebaran wabah HIV/AIDS. Walau masih belum ditemukan obat untuk HIV,dalam beberapa tahun belakangan penyakit itu tidak lagi menjadi hukuman mati langsung bagi penderitanya.
Temuan Sinoussi dan Montagnier antara lain mendorong metode diagnose pasien maupun dalam memeriksa darah, yang membatasi penyebaran wabah HIV/AIDS. Walau masih belum ditemukan obat untuk HIV,dalam beberapa tahun belakangan penyakit itu tidak lagi menjadi hukuman mati langsung bagi penderitanya. Pengobatan saat ini sudah berhasil memperpanjang masa hidup pengidap HIV sampai puluhan tahun.Sementara itu Harald zur Hausen, asal jerman, meraih Nobel Kedokteran karena jasanya dalam mengaitkan HPV, atau human papilloma virus, dengan kanker rahim.
Penyebaran Dan Tanda-tanda Terserang HIV/AIDS.
== Penyebaran Dan TandaTerserang HIV/AIDS ==
HIV tidak ditularkan atau disebarkan melalui hubungan sosial yang biasa seperti jabatan tangan, bersentuhan, berciuman biasa, berpelukan, penggunaan peralatan makan dan minum, gigitan nyamuk, kolam renang, penggunaan kamar mandi atau WC/Jamban yang sama atau tinggal serumah bersama Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS (ODHA). ODHA yaitu pengidap HIV atau AIDS. Sedangkan OHIDA (Orang hidup dengan HIV atau AIDS) yakni keluarga (anak, istri, suami, ayah, ibu) atau teman-teman pengidap HIV atau AIDS.
Lebih dari 80% infeksi HIV diderita oleh kelompok usia produktif terutama laki-laki, tetapi proporsi penderita HIV perempuan cenderung meningkat. Infeksi pada bayi dan anak, 90 % terjadi dari Ibu pengidap HIV. Hingga beberapa tahun, seorang pengidap HIV tidak menunjukkan gejala-gejala klinis tertular HIV, namun demikian orang tersebut dapat menularkan kepada orang lain. Setelah itu, AIDS mulai berkembang dan menunjukkan tanda-tanda atau gejala-gejala.Tanda-tanda klinis penderita AIDS :
* Berat badan menurun lebih dari 10 % dalam 1 bulan
* Diare kronis yang berlangsung lebih dari 1 bulan
* Demam berkepanjangan lebih dari1 bulan
* Penurunan kesadaran dan gangguan-gangguan neurologis
* Dimensia/HIV ensefalopati
Gejala minor :
=== Gejala minor ===
Batuk menetap lebih dari 1 bulan
* Batuk menetap lebih dari 1 bulan
Dermatitis generalisata yang gatal
* Dermatitis generalisata yang gatal
Adanya Herpes zoster multisegmental dan berulang
* Adanya Herpes zoster multisegmental dan berulang
Infeksi jamur berulang pada alat kelamin wanita
* Infeksi jamur berulang pada alat kelamin wanita
Penularan Virus HIV/AIDS
== Penularan Virus HIV/AIDS ==
Virus HIV terdapat dalam darah, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa semua specimen yang berupa cairan tubuh yang berasal dari tubuh penderita HIV dapat dipastikan infeksius dan sangat potensial untuk menularkan virus ini pada orang lain (namun ada juga cairan lain yang tidak tercemar virus HIV ini, salah satunya adalah air liur), termasuk ketika seorang penderita HIV positif melakukan hubungan seksual dengan pasangannya, dan bukan tidak mungkin bila nanti pasangan seksualnya tersebut akan terinfeksi virus HIV juga, apalagi jika tidak menggunakan pengaman (kondom).
Baik penderita pria maupun wanita sangat riskan untuk menularkan virus HIV ini pada pasangan seksualnya ketika berhubungan badan, yakni melalui cairan sperma bagi penderita pria, dan melalui darah menstruasi atau cairan lain pada vagina bagi penderita wanita. Selain melalui hubungan seksual, HIV juga dapat ditularkan melalui jarum suntik yang digunakan bersamaan oleh seseorang yang terinfeksi HIV dengan orang yang tidak terinfeksi HIV, dan kemungkinan besar orang yang tidak terinfeksi HIV ini akan terinfeksi HIV. Virus HIV juga dapat ditularkan oleh seorang ibu yang positif terinfeksi HIV kepada bayinya pada waktu hamil atau menyusui, karena air susu yang diberikan sang ibu positif terinfeksi HIV.
Pencegahan Dan Penanggulangan HIV/AIDS
== Pencegahan Dan Penanggulangan HIV/AIDS ==
Hindarkan hubungan seksual diluar nikah. Usahakan hanya berhubungan dengan satu orang pasangan seksual, tidak berhubungan dengan orang lain.
Pergunakan kondom bagi resiko tinggi apabila melakukan hubungan seksual.Kelompok resiko tinggi di anjurkan untuk menjadi donor darah.
Ibu yang darahnya telah diperiksa dan ternyata mengandung virus, hendaknya jangan hamil. Karena akan memindahkan virus AIDS pada janinnya.
Kelompok resiko tinggi di anjurkan untuk menjadi donor darah.
Penggunaan jarum suntik dan alat lainnya ( akupuntur, tato, tindik ) harus dijamin sterilisasinya.
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# ^ Pendekatan ABC oleh Pemerintah Amerika Serikat: Abstinence or delay of sexual activity, especially for youth (berpantang atau menunda kegiatan seksual, terutama bagi remaja), Being faithful, especially for those in committed relationships (setia pada pasangan, terutama bagi orang yang sudah memiliki pasangan), mCondom use, for those who engage in risky behavior (penggunaan kondom, bagi orang yang melakukan perilaku berisiko).
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69. ^ Pendekatan ABC oleh Pemerintah Amerika Serikat:
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Abstinence or delay of sexual activity, especially for youth (berpantang atau menunda kegiatan seksual, terutama bagi remaja),
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Being faithful, especially for those in committed relationships (setia pada pasangan, terutama bagi orang yang sudah memiliki pasangan),
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123. ^ Untuk bukti konsensis ilmu pengetahuan bahwa HIV menyebabkan AIDS, lihat:
"The Durban Declaration". Nature 406 (6791): 15–6. 2000. doi:10.1038/35017662. PMID 10894520. - full text here.
Cohen, J. (1994). "The Controversy over HIV and AIDS" (PDF). Science 266 (5191): 1642–1649.
Various. "Focus on the HIV-AIDS Connection: Resource links". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Diakses tanggal 2006-09-07.
O'Brien SJ, Goedert JJ (1996). "HIV causes AIDS: Koch's postulates fulfilled". Curr. Opin. Immunol. 8 (5): 613–8. PMID 8902385.
Galéa P, Chermann JC (1998). "HIV as the cause of AIDS and associated diseases". Genetica 104 (2): 133–42. PMID 10220906.
124. ^ Watson J (2006). "Scientists, activists sue South Africa's AIDS 'denialists'". Nat. Med. 12 (1): 6. doi:10.1038/nm0106-6a. PMID 16397537.
125. ^ Baleta A (2003). "S Africa's AIDS activists accuse government of murder". Lancet 361 (9363): 1105. PMID 12672319.
126. ^ Cohen J (2000). "South Africa's new enemy". Science 288 (5474): 2168–70. PMID 10896606.
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