Apokrifa Perjanjian Lama: Perbedaan antara revisi

Most of the books of the Protestant Apocrypha are called [[Deuterocanonical books|deuterocanonical]] by Catholics per the [[Council of Trent]] and all of them are called [[Biblical Apocrypha#Anagignoskomena|''anagignoskomena'']] by the Eastern Orthodox per the [[Synod of Jerusalem (1672)|Synod of Jerusalem]]. The [[Anglican Communion]] accepts "the Apocrypha for instruction in life and manners, but not for the establishment of doctrine (Article VI in the [[Thirty-Nine Articles]])",<ref name="Ewert2010">{{cite book|last=Ewert|first=David|title=A General Introduction to the Bible: From Ancient Tablets to Modern Translations|accessdate=19 August 2015|date=11 May 2010|publisher=Zondervan|language=English |isbn=9780310872436|page=104}}</ref> and many "lectionary readings in [[The Book of Common Prayer]] are taken from the Apocrypha", with these lessions being "read in the same ways as those from the Old Testament".<ref name="ThomasWondra2002">{{cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Owen C.|last2=Wondra|first2=Ellen K.|author-link2=Ellen Wondra|title=Introduction to Theology, 3rd Edition|accessdate=19 August 2015|date=1 July 2002|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|language=English |isbn=9780819218971|page=56}}</ref> The Protestant Apocrypha contains three books (3 Esdras, 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh) that are accepted by many Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches as canonical, but are regarded as non-canonical by the Catholic Church and are therefore not included in modern Catholic Bibles, but are also considered to be Apocrypha by the Catholic Church.<ref name="HenzeBoccaccini2013">{{cite book|last1=Henze|first1=Matthias|last2=Boccaccini|first2=Gabriele|title=Fourth Ezra and Second Baruch: Reconstruction after the Fall|accessdate=19 August 2015|date=20 November 2013|publisher=Brill|language=English |isbn=9789004258815|page=383|quote=Why 3 and 4 Esdraas (called 1 and 2 Esdras in the NRSV Apocrypha) are pushed to the front of the list is not clear, but the motive may have been to distinguish the Anglican Apocrypha from the Roman Catholic canon affirmed at the fourth session of the Council of trent in 1546, which included all of the books in the Anglican Apocrypha list ''except'' 3 and 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh. These three texts were designated at Trent as Apocrypha and later included in an appendix to the Clementine Vulgate, first published in 1592 (and the standard Vulgate text until Vatican II).}}</ref>

 

{{Main|Biblical canon|Christian biblical canons|Development of the Christian biblical canon|Protocanonical books|Deuterocanonical books}}

 

He mentions the [[book of Baruch]] in his prologue to the [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremias]] and does not explicitly refer to it as apocryphal, but he does mention that "it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews". In his prologue to the [[Book of Judith|Judith]] he mentions that "among the Hebrews, the authority [of Judith] came into contention", but that it was "counted in the number of Sacred Scriptures" by the [[First Council of Nicaea#Biblical canon|First Council of Nicaea]].

Apocrypha are well attested in surviving manuscripts of the Christian Bible. (See, for example, [[Codex Vaticanus]], [[Codex Sinaiticus]], [[Codex Alexandrinus]], [[Vulgate]], and [[Peshitta]].) After the Lutheran and Catholic canons were defined by [[Luther's canon|Luther]] (c. 1534) and [[Canon of Trent|Trent]]<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Canon of the Old Testament}} section titled "The Council of Florence 1442": "...contains a complete list of the books received by the Church as inspired, but omits, perhaps advisedly, the terms canon and canonical. The [[Council of Florence]] therefore taught the inspiration of all the Scriptures, but did not formally pass on their canonicity."</ref> (8 April 1546) respectively, early Protestant editions of the Bible (notably the [[Luther Bible]] in German and 1611 [[King James Version]] in English) did not omit these books, but placed them in a separate ''Apocrypha'' section apart from the [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament|New]] Testaments to indicate their status.

 

This famous edition of the [[Vulgate]] was published in 1455. Like the manuscripts it was based on, the [[Gutenberg Bible]] lacked a specific Apocrypha section;<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/homepage.html Scanned pages of the Gutenberg Bible]</ref> its [[Old Testament]] included the books that Jerome considered apocryphal, and those [[Clement VIII]] later moved to the appendix. The [[Prayer of Manasseh|Prayer of Manasses]] was located after the [[Books of Chronicles]], and [[1 Esdras|3]] and [[2 Esdras|4 Esdras]] followed [[Book of Nehemiah|2 Esdras (Nehemiah)]], and [[Prayer of Solomon]] followed [[Ecclesiasticus]].

 

[[Martin Luther]] translated the [[Bible translations into German|Bible into German]] during the early part of the [[Christianity in the 16th century|16th century]], first releasing a complete Bible in 1534. His Bible was the first major edition to have a separate section called ''Apocrypha''. Books and portions of books not found in the [[Masoretic Text]] of Judaism were moved out of the body of the [[Old Testament]] to this section.<ref>[http://lutherbibel.net/biblia2 1945 Edition of the Luther Bible on-line]</ref> Luther placed these books between the [[Old Testament|Old]] and [[New Testament|New]] Testaments. For this reason, these works are sometimes known as ''inter-testamental books''. See also [[Intertestamental period]] and [[Luther's canon]]. The books [[1 Esdras|1]] and [[2 Esdras]] were omitted entirely.<ref>Preface to the ''Revised Standard Version Common Bible''</ref> [[Martin Luther|Luther]] was making a [[Polemic#Theology|polemical]] point about the [[Biblical apocrypha#Biblical canon|canonicity]] of these books. As an authority for this division, he cited [[Jerome|St. Jerome]], who in the early 5th century [[Biblical apocrypha#Vulgate prologues|distinguished]] the [[Tanakh|Hebrew]] and [[Septuagint|Greek]] Old Testaments,<ref>See the Theological Glossary of the [[Jerusalem Bible]] Reader's Edition: "''One tradition within the Church excluded the Greek books, and this tradition was taken up by the 15th century {''sic''} Reformers, who relegated these books to the Apocrypha. 1 Maccabees 12:9.''" Note that the JB is explicitly approved by the [http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Resources/Scripture/Versions.shtml CBCEW (the Bishop's Conference of England and Wales)]</ref> stating that books not found in the Hebrew were not received as canonical. Although his statement was controversial in his day,<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01601a.htm Catholic Encyclopaedia], "St. Jerome evidently applied the term to all quasi-scriptural books which in his estimation lay outside the canon of the Bible, and the Protestant Reformers, following Jerome's catalogue of Old Testament Scriptures — one which was at once erroneous and singular among the Fathers of the Church — applied the title Apocrypha to the excess of the Catholic canon of the Old Testament over that of the Jews. Naturally, Catholics refuse to admit such a denomination, and we employ "deuterocanonical" to designate this literature, which non-Catholics conventionally and improperly known as the Apocrypha".</ref> Jerome was later titled a [[Doctor of the Church]] and his authority was also cited in the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] statement in 1571 of the [[Thirty-Nine Articles]].<ref>"And the other books (as [[Jerome|Hierome]] saith) the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine."</ref>