* {{cite book |author=Bat Ye'or|authorlink = Bat Ye'or |title=Islam and Dhimmitude. Where Civilizations Collide |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press/Associated University Presses |location=Madison/Teaneck, NJ |year=2002 |id=ISBN 0-8386-3943-7}}
* {{cite book |first=Bernard |last=Lewis |title=[[The Jews of Islam]] |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |year=1984 |id=ISBN 0-691-00807-8}}
* {{cite book |author=[[Al-Mawardi]] |title=The Ordnances of Government (''Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya w’al-Wilayat al-Diniyya'') |publisher=Garnet Publishing |location=Lebanon |year=2000 |id=ISBN 1-85964-140-7}}
* {{cite book |first=Norman |last=Stillman |title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book |publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America |location=Philadelphia |year=1979 |id=ISBN 1-82760-198-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Waines |first=David |title=An Introduction to Islam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |id=ISBN 0-521-53906-4}}
* {{cite book |first=Hans |last=Wehr |title=A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic |editor=J. Milton Cowan, ed. |publisher=Spoken Language Services, Inc. |location=Ithaca, New York |year=1976 |id=ISBN 0-87950-001-8}}
