Skala Kardashev: Perbedaan antara revisi

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Wagino Bot (bicara | kontrib)
k minor cosmetic change
Wagino Bot (bicara | kontrib)
k minor cosmetic change
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== Status peradaban manusia ==
Peradaban manusia saat ini berada dalam Tipe 0 karena baru menguasai sebagian energi yang ada di Bumi. Pada tahun 1973, [[Carl Sagan]] menghitung tipe peradaban manusia saat ini, dan hasil perhitungannya menunjukkan 0.7.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last=Sagan |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Sagan |coauthors= |editor= Jerome Agel|others= [[Freeman J. Dyson]], David Morrison|title= Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective |origdate= |origyear= 1973|origmonth= |url= http://books.google.com/?id=lL57o9YB0mAC&pg=PA156|accessdate= 2008-01-01|edition= |series= |date= |year= 2000|month= October|publisher= Cambridge Press |location= |language= |isbn= 05-21-7830-38|oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref>
 
Sagan menggunakan rumus
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:<math>K = \frac{\log_{10}{W}-6} {10}</math>,
 
''K'' adalah skala Kardashev suatu peradaban, ''W'' merupakan ''output'' energi dalam watt.<ref name= World_Outlook_2005>[{{cite book |title=World Energy Outlook |url=http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2005/weo2005.pdf |format= PDF|accessdate= 2008-01-01|year= 2005|publisher=International Energy Agency |location=Paris, France |isbn=92-64-1094-98 |page=82 |chapter=8 |author=$$3121.}}]</ref>
 
[[International Energy Agency]]<ref name= World_Outlook_2005/><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/keyworld2004.pdf| title= Key World Energy Statistics| year=2004| format=PDF| publisher=International Energy Agency| accessdate=2006-08-10 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060524125509/http://www.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/keyworld2004.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2006-05-24}}</ref> memperkirakan tipe peradaban kita sebagai berikut:
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== Pengembangan teori ==
Peradaban Tipe IV sempat diusulkan. Zoltan Galantai mendefinisikannya sebagai peradaban yang mengendalikan seluruh energi di [[alam semesta]]. Peradaban semacam itu ada di luar batas ilmiah saat ini. Sementara itu, dalam bukunya yang bertajuk ''[[Parallel Worlds (book)|Parallel Worlds]]'', [[Michio Kaku|Dr. Michio Kaku]] membincangkan '''peradaban tipe IV''' sebagai mereka yang mampu memanfaatkan sumber-sumber energi "luar galaksi" seperti [[energi hitam]].<ref name="ParallelWorlds">{{cite book
|last = Kaku
|first = Michio
|authorlink = Michio Kaku
|coauthors =
|title = [[Parallel Worlds (book)|Parallel Worlds: The Science of Alternative Universes and Our Future in the Cosmos]]
|publisher = Doubleday
|year = 2005
|location = New York
|page = 317
|url =
|doi =
|id =
|isbn = 0713997281}}</ref>
 
== Kritik ==
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* {{Cite book|chapter=Exponential Expansion: Galactic Destiny or Technological Hubris?|title=The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments|editor=B. R. Finney, M. D. Papagiannis|last=Dordrecht|first=D.|publisher=Reidel Publ. Co.|year=1985|pages=465–463}}
* [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/Shkadov.html Shkadov Thruster]
*{{Cite book |last=[[Andrey Korotayev|Korotayev]] |first=A. |last2=Malkov |first2=A. |last3=Khaltourina |first3=D. |title=Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth |url=http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&lang=en&blang=en&list=14&page=Book&id=34250 |location=Moscow |publisher=URSS |year=2006 |isbn=5484004144 }}
* {{Cite journal| last=Kardashev| first=Nikolai| title=Cosmology and Civilizations | journal = Astrophysics and Space Science | volume = 252 | month = March | year = 1997}}
* ''Supercivilizations as Possible Products of the Progressive Evolution of Matter'': also by Kardashev