Chevron Corporation: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Salah satu pendahulu awal Chevron, Star Oilm, didirikan setelah mereka menemukan minyak di [[Lembah Pico]] sebelah utara Los Angeles tahun 1876. Menurut geofisikawan [[Marius Vassiliou]], minyak 25 barrel per hari dianggap sebagai awal munculnya industri minyak di California dan munculnya [[Ladang Newhall]].<ref name="Vassiliou2009"/> Analis energi [[Antonia Juhasz]] mengatakan bahwa meskipun pendiri Star Oil ini berpengaruh pada munculnya industri minyak di California, namun Union Matolle Company telah menemukan minyak di negara bagian ini sebelas tahun sebelumnya.<ref name="Juhasz2009">{{cite book|author=Antonia Juhasz|title=The Bush Agenda|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ROTr9RCRr8IC&pg=PA106|accessdate=August 9, 2013|date=October 6, 2009|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-197761-9|pages=106–}}</ref> Bulan September 1879, Charles N. Felton, Lloyd Tevis, George Loomis dan beberapa kawannya membentuk Pacific Coast Oil Company yang mengakuisisi aset Star Oil<ref name="Vassiliou2009"/> dengan dana 1 juta dolar AS.<ref name="Karliner1997">{{cite book|author=Joshua Karliner|title=The Corporate Planet: Ecology and Politics in the Age of Globalization|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2CHLmPx2PJ0C&pg=PA61|accessdate=August 8, 2013|year=1997|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-87156-434-4|pages=61–}}</ref> Pacific Coast Oil menjadi produsen minyak terbesar di California,<ref name="Karliner1997"/> namun kemudian dibeli oleh [[Standard Oil]] dengan harga $761.000 tahun 1900.<ref name="Vassiliou2009">{{cite book|author=M. S. Vassiliou|title=Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bBvz_YxlB-AC&pg=PA128|accessdate=August 8, 2013|date=March 2, 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6288-3|pages=128–}}</ref> Pacific Coast tetap beroperasi independen dan tetap menggunakan namanya sampai tahun 1906, ketika kemudian digabungkan dengan divisi Standard Oil dan menjadi Standard Oil Company (California) atau California Standard.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book|author=M. S. Vassiliou|title=The A to Z of the Petroleum Industry|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BdNjTbcB__0C&pg=PA128|accessdate=August 9, 2013|date=September 24, 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7066-6|pages=128–}}</ref><ref name="Falola2005">{{cite book|author=Toyin Falola|title=The Politics of the Global Oil Industry: An Introduction|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BXWasJHiT-kC&pg=PA33|accessdate=August 9, 2013|date=January 1, 2005|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-98400-7|pages=33–}}</ref>
 
Pendahulu lainnya, Texas Fuel Company, didirikan di Beaumont, Texas tahun 1901 oleh "Buckskin Joe" sebagai penyeda peralatan minyak.<ref name="Juhasz2009"/> Texas Fuel bekerjasama baik dengan Chevron. Texas Fuel memulai operasi penambangan minyak tahun 1936, ketika dia membentuk sebuah joint ventura dengan nama [[Caltex]] dengan Chevron di Arab Saudi.<ref name="HallRamírez-Pascualli2012">{{cite book|author1=Charles A. S. Hall|author2=Carlos A. Ramírez-Pascualli|title=The First Half of the Age of Oil: An Exploration of the Work of Colin Campbell and Jean Laherr√®re|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZOT4TlqDFGQC&pg=PA34|accessdate=August 10, 2013|date=December 5, 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4614-6064-0|pages=34–}}</ref> Menurut analis energi dan aktivis<ref name=huffington280910>{{Cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/antonia-juhasz/chevron-throws-book-at-sh_b_742488.html |title= Chevron Throws Book at Shareholder Activist (Me) | first = Antonia | last = Juhasz | authorlink = Antonia Juhasz | newspaper= [[The Huffington Post]] | date=September 28, 2010 | accessdate= August 17, 2013}}</ref><ref name=wsj290910>{{Cite news | url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703882404575520202919898096.html |title=Activist Faces Charges in Chevron Meeting Outburst | first = John | last = Letzing | newspaper= [[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=September 29, 2010 | accessdate= August 17, 2013}}</ref><ref name=ens140411>{{Cite news | url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/apr2011/2011-04-14-01.html |title= Protesters Disrupt BP's First Shareholder Meeting Since Oil Spill | work = Environment News Service |date= April 14, 2011 |accessdate= August 17, 2013}}</ref> [[Antonia Juhasz]], Texas Fuel Company dan Chevron sering disebut sebagai "duet menyebalkan" karena praktik bisnis yang mereka jalankan.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book|author=Antonia Juhasz|title=The Tyranny of Oil: The World's Most Powerful Industry--and What We Must Do to Stop It|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MyEeLDsS0r4C&pg=PA71|accessdate=August 10, 2013|date=October 6, 2009|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-198201-9|pages=71–}}</ref> Texas Fuel Company berubah nama menjadi Texas Company dan nantinya menjadi [[Texaco]].<ref name="Falola2005"/><ref name=autogenerated1 />
 
===Pembentukan nama Chevron===
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===Beberapa dekade terakhir===
Tahun 1996 Chevron melakukan transfer pada operasi penambangan gas alamnya ke [[Dynegy|NGC Corporation]] (kemudian Dynegy) dengan imbalan 25% saham di NGC.<ref name="Chevron-Corp-Nov-1996-10-Q">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/923/9341096000011/filing-main.htm |title=Chevron Corp, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date Nov 8, 1996 |publisher=secdatabase.com |accessdate =March 24, 2013}}</ref> Pada sebuah merger yang selesai 1 Februari 2000, Illinova Corp. sepenuhnya menjadi divisi Dynegy Inc. dan kepemilikan saham Chevron menjadi 28%.<ref name="Chevron-Corp-Mar-2000-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1904/9341000000003/filing-main.htm |title=Chevron Corp, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Mar 6, 2000 |publisher=secdatabase.com |accessdate =March 24, 2013}}</ref> Meski begitu, pada bulan Mei 2007 Chevron menjual kepemilikan sahamnya dengan nilai 985 juta dolar AS, sehingga perusahaan mendapat untung 680 juta dolar AS.<ref name="Chevron-Corp-May-2007-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/623/0000950134-07-012387.pdf |title=Chevron Corp, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date May 25, 2007 |publisher=secdatabase.com |accessdate =March 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chevron's Profit Rises 24%, With Help From Its Refineries|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801E4D61430F93BA15754C0A9619C8B63 |newspaper = The New York Times |agency=Reuters|accessdate=May 2, 2011| date=July 28, 2007}}</ref>
 
Tanggal 15 Oktober 2000, Chevron mengakuisisi [[Texaco]] dengan nilai 45 miliar dolar AS, menjadikannya perusahaan minyak terbesar kedua di Amerika Serikat dan keempat terbesar di dunia dengan nilai pasar sekitar 95 miliar dolar AS.<ref name="Chevron-Corp-Oct-2000-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1915/9341000000014/filing-main.htm |title=Chevron Corp, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Oct 16, 2000 |publisher=secdatabase.com |accessdate =March 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Oil giant Chevron buys rival Texaco|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/973161.stm|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=May 2, 2011|date=October 16, 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chevron to Acquire Texaco|url=http://www.thestreet.com/story/1126226/update-chevron-to-acquire-texaco.html|publisher=The Street.com|accessdate=May 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Chevron - Texaco Merger / An oil giant emergers / Shareholders approval of Chevron-Texaco deal creates industy's lates behemoth.|url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2001-10-10/business/17620887_1_saudi-refining-kenneth-derr-dave-o-reilly|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=May 2, 2011|first=George|last=Raine|date=October 10, 2001}}</ref> Perusahaan gabungan ini menjadi '''ChevronTexaco'''. Tanggal 9 Mei 2005, ChevronTexaco kembali mengubah namanya menjadi Chevron. Texaco tetap menjadi salah satu merek dibawah Chevron Corporation.<ref name="Chevron-Corp-May-2005-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/59/0000950149-05-000327.pdf |title=Chevron Corp, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date May 10, 2005 |publisher=secdatabase.com |accessdate =March 24, 2013}}</ref>
 
Tahun 2005, Chevron membeli [[Unocal Corporation]] dengan nilai 18,4 miliar dolar AS, meningkatkan cadangan gas alam dan minyak perusahaan sekitar 15%.<ref name="Chevron-Corp-Apr-2005-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1641/95013405007074/filing-main.htm |title=Chevron Corp, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Apr 7, 2005 |publisher=secdatabase.com |accessdate =March 24, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Chevron-Corp-Aug-2005-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/1100/0000950134-05-015530.pdf |title=Chevron Corp, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Aug 10, 2005 |publisher=secdatabase.com |accessdate =March 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chevron plans to buy Unocal for $18.4 billion / Deal would bolster East Bay oil giant's strategically located sources of gas, crude|url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2005-04-05/news/17368730_1_dave-o-reilly-chevrontexaco-gas-reserves-natural-gas|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=May 2, 2011|first=David R.|last=Baker|date=April 5, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Shareholders Vote in Favor Of Unocal Acquisition|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/10/AR2005081000986.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|accessdate=May 2, 2011|first=Justin|last=Blum|date=August 11, 2005}}</ref> Karena Unocal memiliki operasi geotermal yang besar di kawasan Asia Tenggara, Chevron menjadi produsen [[energi geotermal]] terbesar di dunia.<ref name=bbc190206>{{Cite news|title=Chevron claims energy debate| work=[[BBC News]]|date=February 19, 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4716334.stm |accessdate=December 31, 2009}}</ref>
 
Chevron dan [[Laboratorium Nasional Los Alamos]] melakukan kerjasama tahun 2006 untuk meningkatkan recovery hidrokarbon dari [[oil shale]] dengan mengembangkan [[ekstraksi oil shale]] yang dinamakan [[Chevron CRUSH]].<ref name=gcc>
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Bulan Juli 2011, Chevron menghentikan operasi ritel di Atlantik Tengah A.S. dan menghapus nama Chevron dan Texaco di 1.100 stasiun.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cspnet.com/fuels-news-prices-analysis/fuels-news/articles/eastern-withdrawal-chevron|title=Eastern Withdrawal for Chevron &#124; CSP Daily News / Magazine &#124; Petroleum - CSP Information Group, Inc. - news for convenience & petroleum retailing |publisher=Cspnet.com |date=December 7, 2009 |accessdate=January 10, 2014}}</ref> Tahun 2011, Chevron mengakuisisi [[Atlas Energy Inc]]. dengan nilai 3,2 miliar dolar AS ditambah hutang Atlas senilai 1,1 miliar dolar.<ref name="Chevron-Corp-Nov-2010-DFAN14A">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2361/95012310102884/filing-main.htm |title=Chevron Corp, Form DFAN14A, Filing Date Nov 9, 2010 |publisher=secdatabase.com |accessdate =March 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chevron to Buy Atlas Energy for $4.3 Billion|url=http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/11/09/chevron-to-buy-atlas-energy-for-3-billion/|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=May 2, 2011|first=Thomas|last=Kaplan|date=November 9, 2010}}</ref><ref name="Chevron-Corp-Feb-2011-10-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2470/95012311017688/filing-main.htm |title=Chevron Corp, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Feb 24, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |accessdate =March 24, 2013}}</ref> Tiga bulan kemudian, Chevron mengakuisisi hak pengembangan dan pengeboran seluas 228.000 acre di Marcellus Shale dari Chief Oil & Gas LLC and Tug Hill, Inc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://marcellusdrilling.com/2011/05/chevron-continues-aggressive-expansion-into-marcellus-shale-in-pa-buys-leases-for-additional-228k-acres-from-chief-oil-gas/|title=Chevron Continues Aggressive Expansion into Marcellus Shale in PA – Buys Leases for Additional 228K Acres from Chief Oil & Gas &#124; Marcellus Drilling News|publisher=Marcellusdrilling.com|accessdate=July 23, 2012}}</ref>
 
Bulan September 2013, [[Total S.A]] dan partner joint venturanya setuju untuk membeli bisnis distribusi ritel Chevron di [[Pakistan]] untuk nilai yang tidak dipublikasikan.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/09/17/us-chevron-pakistan-total-idUSBRE98G0RB20130917| title=France's Total snaps up Chevron's Pakistan retail network| author=Louise Heavens| publisher=Reuters | date=18 September 2013}}</ref>
 
==Operasi==
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Chevron mempunyai 4 konsesi tambang di Angola, 2 di [[Provinsi Cabinda]], satu pengembangan Tombua-Landana dan proyek Mafumeira Norte. Chevron juga menjadi partner utama di [[Pabrik LNG Angola]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seekingalpha.com/symbol/cvx/description|title=Chevron Corporation (CVX) Stock Description|publisher=Seeking Alpha|date=December 31, 2009|accessdate=July 23, 2012}}</ref><ref name="angola-today.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.angola-today.com/2011/05/angola-lng/|title=Angola LNG|publisher=Angola Today|date=|accessdate=July 23, 2012}}</ref>
 
Di Kazakhstan, Chevron beroperasi di proyek [[Ladang Tengiz|Tengiz]] dan [[Ladang Karachaganak|Karachaganak]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2011/10/13/chevron-rises-to-104-as-kazakhstan-kicks-up-production/ | title = Chevron Rises To $104 As Kazakhstan Kicks Up Production |work=Forbes| date = October 13, 2011 | accessdate = June 23, 2013}}</ref> Tahun 2010, Chevron menjadi pemegang saham terbesar pada jalur pipa [[Konsorsium Jalur Pipa Kaspia]], yang mengangkut minyak dari Laut Kaspia ke Laut Hitam.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=2414376|title=Caspian Pipeline Consortium: Private Company Information - Businessweek|publisher=Investing.businessweek.com|date=September 20, 2011|accessdate=July 23, 2012}}</ref>
 
===Hilir===
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Industri hilir Chevron mencakup produksi dan penjualan produk seperti bahan bakar, oli, aditif, dan petrokimia. Kebanyakan kawasan operasi Chevron adalah pantai barat Amerika Utara, pantai teluk A.S., Asia Tenggara, Korea Selatan, Australia, dan Korea Selatan. Tahun 2010, rata-rata Chevron menjual bahan bakar seperti bensin, diesel, dan bahan bakar jet sebanyak {{convert|3.1|Moilbbl/d}}.<ref name=sec-refining>{{cite web|url=http://sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/93410/000095012311017688/f56670e10vk.htm#F56670118 |title=e10vk|publisher=Sec.gov|accessdate=July 23, 2012}}</ref> Perusahaan ini juga mengoperassikan 19.550 ritel di 84 negara. Chevron adalah pemilik merek dagang [[Standard Oil]] di 16 negara di kawasan barat dan tenggara A.S. Untuk tetap menjaga kepemilikannya, mereka memiliki dan mengoperasikan satu stasiun pengisian bahan bakar bermerek Standard di tiap negara bagian tersebut.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robert V. Droz|url=http://www.us-highways.com/sohist1999.htm|title=Standard Oil Today|publisher=Us-highways.com|accessdate=February 16, 2011}}</ref>
 
Tahun 2010, Chevron memproses minyak bumi sebesar {{convert|1.9|Moilbbl/d}}.<ref name=sec-refining/> Mereka memiliki dan mengoperasikan 5 kilang aktif di Amerika Serikat, satu di [[Cape Town]], Afrika Selatan, dan satu di Burnaby, [[British Columbia]]. Chevron adalah partner di 7 kilang joint-ventura di Australia,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-22/caltex-australia-starts-review-of-refineries-as-margins-drop.html|work=Bloomberg L.P.|first=James|last=Paton|title=Caltex Australia Starts Review of Refineries as Margins Drop|date=August 22, 2011}}</ref> [[Pakistan]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Tanveer Ahmed|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C07%5C01%5Cstory_1-7-2010_pg5_5|title=PSO willing to raise stakes in PRL|newspaper='[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]''|date=July 1, 2010|accessdate=July 23, 2012}}</ref> [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]], Korea Selatan, dan [[Selandia Baru]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a84KLWmavpMw|work=Bloomberg L.P.|title=N.Z. Refining Jumps After Valero Said to Plan Bid (Update2)|date=July 24, 2009}}</ref>
 
Bisnis kimia Chevron mencakup 50% kepemilikan saham di [[Chevron Phillips]] Chemical Company yang memproduksi petrokimia, serta Chevron Oronite Company.
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===Energi alternatif===
[[File:Solarmine1.jpg|right|thumb|Proyek surya Chevron Solarmine berkapasitas 500 kW di [[Fellows, California]]]]
Operasi energi alteranatif Chevron mencakup geotermal, energi surya, angin, bahan bakar nabati, sel solar, dan hidrogen. Antara 2011-2013, Chevron berencana mengeluarkan dana 2 miliar dolar untuk penelitian dan akuisisi perusahaan energi terbarukan.<ref name=latimes220310>{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/mar/22/business/la-fi-chevron-solar22-2010mar22| newspaper =[[Los Angeles Times]] |first=Tiffany|last=Hsu|title=Chevron is putting solar technologies to the test|date=March 22, 2010 | accessdate = July 11, 2013}}</ref>
 
Chevron mengklaim sebagai produsen [[energi geotermal]] terbesar di dunia.<ref name=bbc190206 /> Lokasi geotermal Chevron terbesar berada di Asia Tenggara, dimana mereka memiliki fasilitas pembangkit listrik berkapasitas 1.273 MW.<ref name=bloomberg070711>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/harnessing-the-heat-of-indonesias-volcanoes-07072011.html|title=Harnessing the Heat of Indonesia's Volcanoes|work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|date=July 7, 2011|accessdate=July 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.financialpost.com/2011/06/15/chevron-bets-on-30b-volcanoes-beneath-rainforest/|title=Chevron bets on $30B volcanoes beneath rainforest | newspaper = Financial Post| date=June 15, 2011|accessdate=July 23, 2012}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=July 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thinkgeoenergy.com/archives/2060|title=Chevron to expand its geothermal sites in the Philippines |publisher=Think GeoEnergy|date=June 21, 2010|accessdate=July 23, 2012}}</ref>
 
Chevron mengoperasikan sumur geotermal di [[Indonesia]] untuk kebutuhan listrik Jakarta dan sekitarnya dan berencana untuk membangun fasilitas geotermal 200 MW di Sumatra Utara. Di [[Filipina]], Chevron mengoperasikan sumur geotermal di lapangan Tiwi di provinsi Albay, lapangan Makiling-Banahaw di Laguna dan provinsi Quezon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/business/485857/aboitiz-chevron-eye-more-drillings-tiwi-makban-geothermal-fields |title=Aboitiz, Chevron eye more drillings at Tiwi-Makban geothermal fields |date=July 13, 2009 |work=Business |publisher=Philstar.com |location=Phillipines}}</ref>