Peningkatan keasaman air laut: Perbedaan antara revisi

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[[File:WOA05 GLODAP del pH AYool.png|thumb|right|300px|Perkiraan perubahan [[pH]] air laut yang disebabkan oleh [[karbon dioksida]] yang dihasilkan manusia, sejak tahun 1700an sampai 1990an. Data dari [[Global Ocean Data Analysis Project]] dan [[World Ocean Atlas]]]]
 
'''Peningkatan keasaman air laut''' adalah peristiwa berkurangnya [[pH]] [[lautan]] yang berada di bumi, yang disebabkan oleh penyerapan [[karbon dioksida]] dari atmosfer (pH berkurang = keasaman meningkat).<ref name=cald03>{{Cite journal |last=Caldeira |first=K. |coauthors=Wickett, M. E. |year=2003 |title=Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH |url=http://pangea.stanford.edu/research/Oceans/GES205/Caldeira_Science_Anthropogenic%20Carbon%20and%20ocean%20pH.pdf |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=425 |issue=6956 |pages=365–365 |doi=10.1038/425365a |pmid=14508477 |bibcode=2001AGUFMOS11C0385C |ref=harv}}</ref> Diperkirakan 30-40% karbon dioksida yang dilepaskan oleh manusia ke atmosfer larut ke perairan.<ref name=millero95>{{Cite journal |last=Millero|first=Frank J. |year=1995 |title=Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001670379400354O | archiveurl = | archivedate = | journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=661–677 |doi= 10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-O|pmid= |bibcode= 1995GeCoA..59..661M |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=Feely04>{{cite journal |last=Feely |first=R. A. |coauthors=''et al.'' |title=Impact of Anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> on the CaCO<sub>3</sub> System in the Oceans |journal=Science |volume=305 |year=2004 |month=July |pages=362–366 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5682/362.abstract |bibcode = 2004Sci...305..362F |doi = 10.1126/science.1097329 |pmid=15256664 |issue=5682 |ref=harv}}</ref> Untuk mempertahankan [[kesetimbangan kimia]], beberapasebagian akan bereaksi dengan air membentuk [[asam karbonat]]. Beberapa dari molekul asam karbonat akan beraksi dengan molekul air membentuk ion [[bikarbonat]] dan ion [[hydronium]], sehingga meningkatkan [[keasaman]] laut. Antara tahun 1751 hingga 1994, pH permukaan laut diperkirakan menurun dari 8.25 menjadi 8.14,<ref name=jacob05>{{cite journal | last=Jacobson | first=M. Z. | year=2005 | title=Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry | journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] – Atmospheres | volume=110 | doi=10.1029/2004JD005220 | url=http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/2005/2004JD005220.shtml | pages=D07302 | bibcode=2005JGRD..11007302J | ref=harv}}</ref> yang merupakan peningkatan konsentrasi ion hydronium sebanyak 30% di lautan.<ref name="pmid18536730">{{Cite journal |author=Hall-Spencer, J. M. |coauthors=Rodolfo-Metalpa, R.; Martin, S.; ''et al.'' |title=Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=454 |issue=7200 |pages=96–9 |year=2008 |month=July |pmid=18536730 |doi=10.1038/nature07051 |bibcode=2008Natur.454...96H |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="scor-int">[http://www.scor-int.org/OBO2009/A&O_Report.pdf Report of the Ocean Acidification and Oxygen Working Group, International Council for Science's Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Biological Observatories Workshop]</ref>
 
Peningkatan keasaman air aut diperkirakan memiliki beragam konsekuensi, seperti penurunan laju metabolisme [[cumi-cumi jumbo]](''Dosidicus gigas''),<ref name=Rosa>{{cite journal |last=Rosa |first=R. |last2=Seibel |first2=B. |title=Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator |journal=P.n.a.s. |volume=105 |year=2008 |month= |pages=20776–20780 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/105/52/20776.short |bibcode = 2008PNAS..10520776R |doi = 10.1073/pnas.0806886105 |issue=52 |ref=harv }}</ref> penurunan sistem imunitas kerang biru,<ref name=Bibby>{{cite journal |last=Bibby |first=R. |coauthors=''et al.'' |title=Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis |journal=Aquatic Biology |volume=2 |year=2008 |month= |pages=67–74 |url=http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/ab/v2/n1/p67-74/ |doi=10.3354/ab00037 |ref=harv }}</ref> dan [[pemutihan koral]].