Barthélemy Boganda: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 3:
|image = Boganda.jpg
|caption = Boganda pada Desember 1958
|order = [[Daftar
|term_start = 8 Desember 1958
|term_end = 29 Maret 1959
Baris 13:
|death_place = Boukpayanga, [[Republik Afrika Tengah]]
|nationality = [[Republik Afrika Tengah|Afrika Tengah]]
|party = [[Gerakan Evolusi Sosial Afrika Kulit Hitam|MESAN]]
|spouse = Michelle Jourdain
|children =
|religion = [[Gereja Katolik Roma|Katolik Roma]]}}
'''Barthélemy Boganda''' (4 April 1910 – 29 Maret 1959) adalah seorang politikus [[Nasionalisme|nasionalis]]
Boganda lahir dalam
Pada tahun 1958, setelah [[Republik Keempat Perancis]] mulai mempertimbangkan untuk memberikan kemerdekaan kepada sebagian besar koloninya di Afrika, Boganda bertemu dengan [[Perdana Menteri Perancis|Perdana Menteri]] [[Charles de Gaulle]] untuk mendiskusikan syarat-syarat mengenai kemerdekaan Oubangui-Chari. De Gaulle menerima syarat-syarat yang diajukan Boganda, dan pada tanggal 1 Desember, Boganda mendeklarasikan pendirian Republik Afrika Tengah (RAT). Ia menjadi Perdana Menteri pertama wilayah otonom tersebut dan berniat untuk melayani sebagai [[Daftar Presiden Afrika Tengah|Presiden RAT independen]]. Ia meninggal dunia akibat suatu kecelakaan pesawat yang misterius pada tanggal 29 Maret 1959, dalam perjalanannya menuju Bangui. Para ahli menemukan jejak bahan peledak di reruntuhan pesawat, tetapi pengungkapan detailnya dirahasiakan. Kendati pihak yang bertanggung jawab atas kecelakaan tersebut tidak pernah diidentifikasi, orang-orang menduga kalau [[Daftar badan intelijen Perancis|dinas rahasia Perancis]], dan bahkan istri Boganda, terlibat di dalamnya. Sekitar satu tahun kemudian, impian Boganda terwujud saat Republik Afrika Tengah secara resmi memperoleh kemerdekaan dari Perancis.
== Biografi ==
=== Kehidupan awal ===
Boganda terlahir dalam keluarga [[pertanian subsisten|petani subsisten]] di [[Bobangui]], suatu desa [[Orang M'Baka|M'Baka]] di cekungan [[Lobaye]] yang terletak di tepi hutan ekuatorial sekitar {{convert|80|km|mi}} sebelah barat daya [[Bangui]].<ref>Titley, p. 7.</ref> Eksploitasi yang dilakukan Perancis atas Afrika Tengah telah mencapai suatu titik puncak pada masa sekitar lahirnya Boganda, dan walaupun disela oleh [[Perang Dunia I]], aktivitas itu dilanjutkan pada tahun 1920-an. Konsorsium Perancis menggunakan sistem yang pada dasarnya merupakan suatu bentuk perbudakan—''corvée''—dan salah satu di antaranya yang paling dikenal yaitu Compagnie forestière de la Sangha-Oubangui, yang terlibat dalam pengumpulan karet di Distrik Lobaye.<ref>Titley, p. 6.</ref>
Pada akhir tahun 1920-an, ibu Boganda dipukuli sampai meninggal dunia oleh para pejabat perusahaan tersebut ketika sedang mengumpulkan karet di hutan.<ref name="Chirot378">Chirot, p. 378.</ref> Paman Boganda, ayah dari [[Jean-Bédel Bokassa]] yang kelak memahkotai dirinya sendiri sebagai Kaisar [[Republik Afrika Tengah]], dipukuli hingga meninggal dunia di kantor polisi kolonial karena ia diduga menolak untuk [[pekerjaan|bekerja]].<ref name="Chirot378"/> Ayah Boganda adalah seorang [[dukun]] yang menggunakan ritual-ritual [[kanibalisme|kanibalistik]].<ref name="TimeMagazine">{{cite news |last= |first= |title=Death of a Strongman |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,810965,00.html |publisher=''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' |date=1959-04-13 |accessdate=2008-02-22 }}</ref>
Selama tahun-tahun awal hidupnya, Boganda diadopsi oleh para [[misionaris]] Katolik. Sebagai seorang anak laki-laki ia menempuh pendidikan di sekolah yang dibuka di [[Mbaïki]] (pusat administratif Prefektur Lobaye) oleh pendiri pos itu, Letnan Mayer.<ref>Kalck (2005), p. 26.</ref> Dari bulan Desember 1921 sampai Desember 1922, ia menghabiskan waktu dua jam sehari dengan [[Monsinyur]] Jean-Réné Calloch untuk belajar membaca, sementara sisa waktunya dihabiskan dengan melakukan kerja tangan. Pada tanggal 24 Desember, ia diterima dalam Gereja Katolik dengan menggunakan nama [[Bartolomeus|Barthélemy]],<ref name="Bradshaw">{{cite web |last=Bradshaw |first= Richard A.|title=Bibliography and Reference Work for the Central African Republic: Letra C |url=http://webs.ono.com/bradshawproject/letra%20C.htm |publisher= |date=2006-12-10 |accessdate=2008-02-22 }}</ref> untuk menghormati salah seorang dari [[Kedua Belas Rasul]] [[Yesus Kristus]] yang diyakini berkarya sebagai [[Misi (Kristen)|misionaris Kristiani]] di Afrika. Pastor Gabriel Herrau mengirim Boganda ke Sekolah Katolik Betou dan kemudian ke sekolah Misi Santo Paulus di Bangui, tempat ia menyelesaikan pendidikan dasarnya di bawah bimbingan Mgr. Calloch, yang ia pandang sebagai bapa rohaninya.<ref>Kalck (2005), p. 37.</ref> Para misionaris di sana, karena melihat perilakunya yang saleh dan intelektualnya yang menjanjikan, membantu dia melanjutkan pendidikan menengahnya di [[seminari]] kecil di [[Brazzaville]] dan [[Kisantu]] (di bawah pengelolaan [[Yesuit]] [[Belgia]]) sebelum ia pindah ke seminari tinggi di [[Yaoundé]]. Pada tanggal 17 Maret 1938, memenuhi ambisinya sejak usia dua belas tahun,<ref name="Bradshaw"/> ia di[[tahbis]]kan dan menjadi imam pribumi [[Katolik Roma]] pertama dari [[Oubangui-Chari]], sebagaimana disebut oleh koloni tersebut. Ia melayani di Bangui, [[Grimari]], dan [[Bangassou]].<ref>Kalck (1971), p. 75.</ref> Pada tahun 1939, uskupnya menolak permintaan dia untuk bergabung dengan [[Angkatan Darat Perancis]]. Ia dibutuhkan di tempatnya, sebab banyak orang Perancis yang terlibat di dalam Gereja telah dipanggil pulang ke metropolis untuk berjuang dalam [[Perang Dunia II]], sementara saat itu ia melayani dalam sejumlah karya misi.<ref name="AN">{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Biographies des députés de la IV République: Barthélémy Boganda |url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/biographies/IVRepublique/boganda-barthelemy-04041910.asp |publisher=[[National Assembly of France]] |accessdate=2008-02-29 |language=fr}}</ref>
=== Awal mula dalam politik dan pernikahan ===
Setelah Perang Dunia II, Boganda didesak oleh Uskup Bangui Mgr. Grandin untuk melengkapi karya-karya kemanusiaan dan sosialnya melalui aksi politik. Boganda memutuskan untuk ikut dalam pemilihan [[Majelis Nasional Perancis]]. Pada tanggal 10 November 1946, ia menjadi orang Oubangui pertama yang [[Pemilu legislatif Perancis, November 1946|terpilih]] dalam majelis setelah memenangi hampir separuh dari total suara dan mengalahkan tiga kandidat lainnya, termasuk petahana yang tersisihkan, François Joseph Reste, yang sebelumnya menjabat sebagai Gubernur-Jenderal [[Persekutuan Afrika Perancis Khatulistiwa|Afrika Ekuatorial Perancis]].<ref name="AN"/> Boganda tiba di [[Paris]] dengan jubah imamnya dan memperkenalkan diri kepada sesamanya para legislator sebagai putra dari seorang kanibal yang berpoligami.<ref>Titley, p. 12.</ref> Sejak tahun 1947 dan seterusnya, Boganda melakukan kampanye dengan penuh semangat untuk menentang rasisme dan rezim kolonial. Tidak lama setelah menyadari keterbatasan pengaruhnya di Perancis (ia bertugas di parlemen sampai tahun 1958 namun secara bertahap melepaskan diri dari aktivitas-aktivitas dalam parlemen),<ref>Setelah menjadi seorang deputi [[Gerakan Populer Republik|MRP]] sampai tahun 1950, Boganda lalu menjadi seorang independen. Ia hanya berbicara dua kali, pada tahun 1947 mengenai pelanggaran-pelanggaran kolonialisme dan pada tahun 1950 mengenai kurangnya keadilan sosial di Afrika Ekuatorial Perancis. Setelah tahun 1956, ia praktis tidak lagi hadir dalam parlemen. Biografi Majelis Nasional Perancis.</ref> ia kembali ke Oubangui-Chari untuk mengorganisir suatu gerakan rakyat yang terdiri dari para guru, pengemudi truk, dan produsen kecil untuk menentang kolonialisme Perancis, kendati sebelumnya mengalami kegagalan dalam mengupayakan pendirian koperasi pemasaran di kalangan pekebun Afrika dari etnisnya sendiri.<ref>Clark and Gardinier, p. 111.</ref><ref>Ini adalah Société Coopérative Oubangui, Lobaye, Lesse (SOCOULOLE), yang bertujuan menyediakan makanan, pakaian, pemondokan, perawatan kesehatan, dan pendidikan. SOCOULOLE dibubarkan setelah beberapa bulan didirikan. Biografi Majelis Nasional Perancis; Kalck (2005), p. 179.</ref> Pada tanggal 28 September 1949, di Bangui, ia mendirikan [[Gerakan Evolusi Sosial Afrika Kulit Hitam]] (MESAN), suatu [[partai politik|partai]] dan [[gerakan politik]] kuasi-religius yang berupaya untuk menegaskan humanitas kaum kulit hitam dan dengan segera mendominasi politik setempat. Keyakinan politiknya dirangkum dalam frasa [[bahasa Sango|Sango]] "''zo kwe zo''", yang diterjemahkan menjadi "setiap manusia adalah seorang pribadi".<ref>Pembukaan Konstitusi RAT tahun 2004 sebagian berbunyi, 'Dijiwai oleh keinginan untuk memastikan kepada manusia martabatnya sesuai dengan prinsip "ZO KWE ZO" yang dinyatakan oleh Pendiri Republik Afrika Tengah Barthélemy BOGANDA'. {{cite book|last=Heyns|first=Christoph (ed.)|authorlink=|year=1999|title=Human Rights Law in Africa|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|location=[[The Hague]]|isbn=90-411-0287-6|page=77}}</ref> Secara efektif, ia mengusahakan kesetaraan perlakuan dan hak-hak sipil bagi orang-orang berkulit hitam dalam [[Uni Perancis]], dan bukan kemerdekaan, setidaknya untuk sementara waktu.<ref>Ia menyatakan bahwa tujuan MESAN adalah "untuk memajukan evolusi sosial, ekonomi, dan politik kaum Afrika kulit hitam, untuk mendobrak hambatan-hambatan kesukuan dan rasisme, untuk menggantikan gagasan subordinasi kolonial yang merendahkan dengan yang lebih manusiawi dalam persaudaraan dan kerja sama." Biografi Majelis Nasional Perancis. Ia juga menyatakan bahwa MESAN "dimaksudkan untuk mengembangkan dan membebaskan ras kulit hitam melalui evolusi damai dan progresif, dicapai dengan upaya-upaya gabungan dari semua negro di seluruh dunia. Setiap kelompok etnis ataupun administratif, setiap keluarga, klan ataupun suku, setiap distrik, wilayah, divisi, provinsi ataupun departemen, setiap teritori, setiap federasi, akan mengorganisir sendiri masing-masing cabang, federasi, dan komitenya." Kalck (1971), p. 79.</ref> Ia tidak membatasi massa rakyat yang besar—kaum perempuan, pemuda, pekerja, petani miskin—supaya kreativitas rakyat Oubangui dapat keluar dengan cara menempatkan mereka di tengah panggung dalam proses pembuatan sejarah negara mereka.<ref>Clark and Gardinier, p. 122.</ref>
Gerakan tersebut lebih populer di kalangan penduduk desa daripada di kalangan penduduk kota ''[[évolué]]'', yang dianggap sebagai perbudakan oleh Boganda dan padanya ia menerapkan istilah "''Mboundjou-Voko''" ("Orang Kulit Putih-Hitam") yang menghina.<ref>Kalck (2005), p. 134.</ref> Selain itu, ia mendirikan Intergroupe Liberal Oubanguien (ILO) pada tahun 1953,<ref>Olson, p. 122.</ref> yang bertujuan untuk memilih politisi kulit hitam maupun putih dengan jumlah setara untuk majelis, sehingga suatu [[dewan pemilih]] yang dipersatukan dapat terbentuk.<ref name="Kalck1971p89">Kalck (1971), p. 89.</ref> Aktivitas-aktivitas MESAN membuat marah perusahaan-perusahaan perdagangan kapas, kopi, berlian, dan komoditas lainnya, serta pemerintahan Perancis. Kamar dagang Bangui dikendalikan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan ini, dan orang-orang yang berkumpul di klub tersebut sangat menghindari dihapuskannya kerja paksa dan kebangkitan nasionalisme kulit hitam yang disebabkannya. Secara khusus mereka membenci Boganda, memandangnya sebagai seorang demagog revolusioner yang berbahaya dan suatu ancaman bagi "usaha bebas" mereka, serta bertekad untuk menyingkirkannya.<ref name="Titley">Titley, p. 13.</ref> Mereka juga mendirikan cabang-cabang [[Pertemuan Rakyat Perancis|RPF]] setempat untuk melawan MESAN, dan kehadiran Pertemuan Demokrat Afrika (RDA) di tiga wilayah Afrika Ekuatorial Perancis lainnya menimbulkan sejumlah ancaman bagi MESAN, tetapi pada tahun 1958, kendati partai-partai lainnya diizinkan, mereka menyusut menjadi kelompok-kelompok kecil.<ref name="Kalck">Kalck (2005), p. 136.</ref> Pada banyak kesempatan, Jenderal [[Charles de Gaulle]] mengungkapkan simpatinya kepada Oubangui-Chari, yang telah mendukung [[Pasukan Kemerdekaan Perancis]] setidaknya pada bulan Agustus 1940, dan menolak untuk mendukung intrik-intrik kasar RPF terhadap Boganda dan para pengikutnya. Ia menerima Boganda, saat itu ketua Dewan Besar Afrika Ekuatorial Perancis dan memaksa untuk merdeka, di Paris pada bulan Juli 1958 dan pada gilirannya ia diterima di Brazzaville pada bulan Agustus. Diskusi-diskusi di sana menyebabkan sang jenderal menerima tuntutan Boganda akan kemerdekaan dan dukungan dari [[Komunitas Perancis]] pada bulan September di seluruh Afrika Ekuatorial Perancis.<ref>Kalck (2005), pp. 83-84.</ref>
Keterikatan Boganda dengan panggilan hidup yang dipilihnya melemah ketika ia bertemu dan jatuh cinta dengan Michelle Jourdain, seorang wanita muda Perancis, yang bekerja sebagai sekretaris parlemen. Mereka menikah pada tanggal 13 Juni 1950, yang karenanya Boganda [[laisasi|terlepas dari statusnya sebagai imam]] dan terputus dari dukungan hierarki Katolik. Boganda dan Jourdain kelak memiliki dua orang putri dan seorang putra. Peristiwa tersebut mengakibatkan suatu skandal kecil di Paris, tetapi hanya sedikit berpengaruh pada popularitasnya di hadapan rakyatnya. Dalam Majelis Nasional ia terus berjuang, meski seringkali sia-sia, menentang sikap represif pemerintahan Perancis di Oubangui-Chari. Penangkapan sewenang-wenang, upah rendah, budidaya kapas wajib, serta penyampingan warga kulit hitam dari restoran dan bioskop, kesemua itu merupakan sasaran retorikanya.<ref name="Titley"/>
<!--===Increasing popularity and move toward autonomy===
On 29 March 1951, Boganda was sentenced to two months in prison<ref name="Kalck2005p27">Kalck (2005), p. 27.</ref> following his arrest on 10 January for "endangering the peace" after intervening in a local market dispute (the "Bokanga incident" in Lobaye).<ref name="AppiahandGatesp277">Appiah and Gates, p. 277.</ref> His wife was sentenced to 15 days in prison, but neither served their terms. On 17 June, he was [[French legislative election, 1951|re-elected]] to the National Assembly with 48% of the vote despite the obstacles placed in his way by the administration and strong opposition by the authorities, colonists, and the missions, with two prominent French candidates seeking to oust him.<ref name="AN"/> At this time, he emerged as an extraordinarily popular messianic folk hero and his country's leading nationalist; MESAN became the majority party in the [[Ubangi-Shari parliamentary election, 1952|Territorial Assembly elections]] in March 1952. In this period he divided his time between his coffee plantation, his emancipation work and new political positions.<ref name="AN"/> In April 1954, an incident that would showcase Boganda's talent and appeal with crowds erupted at [[Berbérati]]. A white public works agent, who had recently been reprimanded for his brutality toward Africans, announced that his cook and the cook's wife had died.<ref name="Kalck1971p89"/> A riot broke out and the governor sent in parachutists while armoured vehicles patrolled the streets. Boganda hesitated to appear in a village that was not one of his strongholds, but did so anyway and declared before the rioters that justice would be the same for blacks and whites. Upon hearing Boganda's words, the crowd became calm and dispersed.<ref>Kalck (1971), p. 90.</ref>
[[File:BogandaUSLatinAfrica.PNG|thumb|250px|Map of the proposed [[United States of Latin Africa]]: the Central African Republic alongside the present-day states of [[Angola]], [[Burundi]], [[Cameroon]], [[Chad]], the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], the [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]] and [[Rwanda]].]]
He played a crucial role at the beginning of internal autonomy (1956–1958), although the relatively conservative Boganda remained sympathetic to French interests and still did not advocate immediate independence.<ref>Appiah and Gates, p. 398.</ref><ref>As late as April 1958, with the [[French Fourth Republic]] in its death throes, he formed part of a majority of African francophone leaders who still sought associational formulae that would somehow preserve viable links between France and its African empire. For them, "independence" meant autonomy within some form of French political community, not complete rejection of France and all it had meant for them. This is not entirely surprising, as these leaders had participated in the Republic's birth, helped write its constitution and laws, and participated in its legislatures and political parties. Le Vine, pp. 122, 127.</ref> For Boganda, the [[French legislative election, 1956|1956 election]], in which he took 89% of the vote against another Oubanguian, was an uncontested speaker's platform with which the colonial administration had come to terms; the French had realised that opposing him would be dangerous and sought to accommodate him. That year he agreed to European representation on election lists in exchange for the financial support of French business leaders, and on 18 November, was elected as the first mayor of Bangui. On 31 March 1957, MESAN won all seats in the [[Ubangi-Shari parliamentary election, 1957|Territorial Assembly election]]; on 18 June, Boganda was elected president of the Grand Council of French Equatorial Africa (a forum he used to broadcast his views on African unity)<ref>Kalck (2005), p. xxxi.</ref> and in May was appointed vice-president of the Oubangui-Chari Government Council (the French governor was still its president).<ref>Kalck (2005), p. 90.</ref>
A pragmatist, Boganda spoke before the local assembly on 30 December 1957 in praise of the new Comité de Salut Economique, which envisioned joint administration of the economy between French colonials and MESAN territorial councilors (he called it "the union of capital and Oubanguian labour"), but lack of French investment and opposition by Oubanguians soon led him to turn away from the idea.<ref>Kalck (2005), p. 44.</ref> With the numerous declarations of independence being made in much of Francophone Africa, Boganda advised that an independent Oubangui-Chari would face major economic problems from the onset. Instead, he advocated the independence of all of [[French Equatorial Africa]] and its integration into a [[United States of Latin Africa]] comprising the former French, Belgian, and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] colonies of Central Africa;<ref name="AppiahandGatesp277"/> he intended for Oubangui-Chari to become a federal unit within that structure. However, such a federation proved unrealistic, foundering on the rocks of regional jealousy and personal ambition,<ref>On 28 September, at Boganda's call, 98% of Oubanguian voters endorsed a referendum establishing the [[French Community]]. However, it emerged at the Brazzaville Conference of 24–25 November that the leaders of Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, and above all Gabon (which had seen its revenues transferred for the development of the Middle Congo) were determined to go it alone, and their nations became autonomous republics within the French Community on 28 November 1958. Kalck (2005), p. xxxi.</ref> and Boganda came to accept a constitution covering only Oubangui-Chari as the Central African Republic. Thus, after 1 December 1958, when Boganda declared the establishment of the Central African Republic as an autonomous member of the French Community, the name was applied only to the former Oubangui-Chari.<ref name="Kalck2005p27"/> On 8 December, the CAR's first government came into being with Boganda as prime minister; a French governor remained in the country but was now called high commissioner. The new government began by adopting a law banning nudity and vagabondage, Boganda's missionary education still showing through.<ref name="Titleyp16"/> Its main task, however, was to draw up a constitution, which was democratic and modelled to some extent on that of France; this was approved by the assembly on 16 February 1959. Formal independence came later, on 13 August 1960.<ref name="StateDept">{{cite web |last= |first= |title=Central African Republic (03/08) |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4007.htm |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |date=March 2008 |accessdate=2008-03-05 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080306025418/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/4007.htm| archivedate= 6 March 2008 <!--DASHBot--><!--| deadurl= no}}</ref>
===Death and aftermath===
Boganda was poised to become the first president of the independent CAR when he boarded a plane at Berbérati for a flight to Bangui on 29 March 1959, just prior to legislative elections. The aircraft exploded in midair over Boukpayanga in the [[Sub-prefectures of the Central African Republic|sub-prefecture]] of [[Boda, Lobaye|Boda]] (about {{convert|160|km|mi|-1}} west of Bangui), killing all passengers and crew.<ref>Aboard were four crew and five passengers, including the government's information chief and a member of parliament.{{cite news |last= |first= |title=African Leader Found Dead in Crashed Plane |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=1959-04-01|page=10}}</ref><ref name="Prunierp103">Prunier, p. 103.</ref> No clear cause has ever been ascertained for the mysterious crash<ref name="Kalck2005p27"/> and no commission of inquiry was ever formed;<ref name="Prunierp103"/> sabotage was widely suspected.<ref>[[Gérard Prunier]] footnotes his statement, "the probability of foul play was very high", saying, without a direct accusation, "The whites who worked for what was left of the Grandes Compagnies Concessionaires hated Boganda, who had been instrumental in finally getting compulsory labor outlawed in 1946. They also hated his intelligence, which was unsettling to their view of black inferiority." Prunier, pp. 103 & 393</ref> The nation was shocked at the death of its revered leader, whose funeral on April 2 at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Bangui saw a great outpouring of grief from thousands of Oubanguians.<ref>Kalck (1971), p. 106.</ref> The 7 May edition of the Paris weekly ''[[L'Express (France)|L'Express]]'' revealed that experts had found traces of explosive in the wreckage, but the French high commissioner banned the sale of that magazine edition when it appeared in the CAR. Many suspected that expatriate businessmen from the Bangui chamber of commerce, possibly aided by the French secret service, played a role.<ref name="Titleyp16"/> Michelle Jourdain was also suspected of being involved: by 1959, relations between Boganda and his wife had deteriorated, and he thought of leaving her and returning to the priesthood. She had a large insurance policy on his life, taken just days before the accident. According to Brian Titley, author of ''Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa'', there are good reasons for suspecting her involvement in the plane crash.<ref name="Titleyp16">Titley, p. 16.</ref>
[[Abel Goumba]], the vice-premier and finance minister whom Titley describes as "intelligent, honest, and strongly nationalistic",<ref>Titley, p. 15.</ref> emerged as Boganda's logical successor. However, his close confidant and cousin, interior minister [[David Dacko]], more likely to lead a regime deferential to foreign interests, was backed by the high commissioner, Colonel Roger Barberot, with the support of the chamber of commerce and Michelle Jourdain.<ref>Kalck (1971), p. 107.</ref> He thus brushed aside Goumba and by 1962 had shut down the opposition, with MESAN becoming the country's single party.<ref>Titley, pp. 16-17.</ref> The events after Boganda's death are strongly evocative of other French efforts to maintain economic domination by ensuring that compliant leaders came to power in its former colonies.<ref>Titley, p. 18.</ref> It also robbed the country of a charismatic leader in the [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny|Houphouët-Boigny]] or [[Léopold Sédar Senghor|Senghor]] mould, whose prestige alone might have sufficed to retain civilian rule, which ended when Bokassa deposed the unpopular Dacko in 1966.<ref>Titley, p. 31.</ref>
==Legacy==
[[File:Boganda 1959 stamp.jpg|thumb|200px|His country's first postage stamp, from 1959, features Boganda flanked by his design for the [[flag of the Central African Republic]]. He combined the red, white and blue of the [[Flag of France|French tricolour]] with the [[Pan-African colours]]: red, green and yellow.]]
Boganda is not only considered the hero and father of his nation but also as one of the great leaders of [[decolonization of Africa|decolonization in Africa]]; the historian Georges Chaffard described him after his death as "the most prestigious and the most capable of Equatorial political men,"<ref name="Kalck2005p27"/> while political historian [[Gérard Prunier]] called him "probably the most gifted and most inventive of French Africa's decolonization generation of politicians."<ref>Prunier, p. 102.</ref> Among the places named after him are an avenue in Bangui, one of the city's largest high schools, a Château Boganda and [[Barthélemy Boganda Stadium]]. March 29, the anniversary of his death, is Boganda Day, a public holiday. Boganda was also the designer of the [[flag of the Central African Republic]], originally intended for the [[United States of Latin Africa]].<ref>Kalck (2005), p. 74.</ref>
Boganda is one in a long line of African political leaders who, in an attempt to develop specifically national political cultures, were presented (or presented themselves) as the great national leader, glorified and sometimes nearly deified. They were hailed as the fathers of their nations and considered wise in the ways of understanding the best interests of their peoples. Others who became particular objects of hero-worship include [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]], [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]], [[Moktar Ould Daddah]], [[Ahmed Sékou Touré]], [[Modibo Keïta]], [[Léon M'ba]] and [[Daniel Ouezzin Coulibaly]].<ref name="Le Vinep106">Le Vine, p. 106.</ref> Boganda did little to discourage wide circulation of tales about his supernatural powers, putative invulnerability and even immortality. Shortly before his death, a large crowd waited on the shore of the [[Ubangui River]] to see him cross by walking upon the waters. He did not show up, but apparently a good many people still believed that he could have made the miraculous crossing.<ref name="Le Vinep106"/> More than just a charismatic political leader, he was seen as the "black Christ", a great religious figure endowed with extraordinary powers. Along with [[Republic of the Congo|Congo-Brazzaville]]'s [[Fulbert Youlou]], who remained a priest while president, Boganda was not particularly concerned with his religious mission once he entered politics, but he unabashedly used the enormous popular respect for the Church and the cloth to political advantage. He successfully manipulated religious symbols (clerical garb, crosses, baptism, disciples, acolytes, etc.) for political purposes.<ref>Le Vine, p. 182.</ref>
Once he died, his mystique grew: he was a national martyr, and miracles were regularly attributed to him. The Boganda myth continues to exercise a strong hold on many people in the CAR, and it has frequently been used by his successors in their appeals for national unity. Those who were related to him even tenuously, such as Bokassa (who was from the same village and minority ethnic group, was the son of his mother's uncle, justified his coup using Boganda's name and created a cult of Boganda as founder of the party and state),<ref name="Kalck"/> or Dacko (who posed as the ideological successor of Boganda by championing for "national reconciliation" during the [[Central African Republic presidential election, 1981|1981 election]])<ref>Titley, p. 158.</ref> were able to capture some of his aura and use it to their advantage.<ref name="Titleyp16"/><ref name="Le Vinep106"/>-->
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