Negara-negara bawahan dan taklukan Kesultanan Utsmaniyah: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Negara-negara Vassal''' adalah sejumlah [[negara bawahan]] dan [[upeti|taklukan]], biasanya di pinggiran [[Kekaisaran Ottoman]] di bawah suzerainty (kekuasaan) dari Porte (pemerintah pusat) Ottoman, di mana kontrol langsung tidak dilakukan, karena berbagai alasan.

== Fungsi ==

Negara-negara lain seperti [[Bulgaria]], [[Kerajaan Hungaria Timur]], [[Kedespotan Serbia]], dan [[Kerajaan Bosnia|Kerajaan Bosnia]]{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} merupakan vassal sebelum diserap seluruhnya atau sebagian kedalam Kekaisaran.

== Wujud ==

* Beberapa negara dalam sistem eyalet termasuk [[sanjak]] yang dipimpin oleh [[sancakbey]] lokal (misalnya, [[Samtskhe]], beberapa sanjak [[Kurds|Kurdi]]), daerah-daerah yang diiznkan untuk memilih pemimpin mereka sendiri (misalnya, daerah-daerah [[Albania]], [[Epirus]], dan [[Morea]] ([[Mani Peninsula]] secara nominal adalah bagian dari Provinsi Kepulauan Aegean tapi bey-bey Maniot merupakan bawahan taklukan dari Porte (pemerintah pusat) Ustmaniyah.)), atau ''de facto'' eyalet-eyalet independent{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} (misalnya, kabupaten-kabupaten Barbaresque [[Regency of Algiers|Algiers]], [[Tunis]], [[Tripolitania]] di Maghreb, dan kemudian [[Khedivate Mesir]]).

* Diluar sistem eyalet adalah negara-negara seperti Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania yang membayar upeti kepada Ottoman dan di mana Porte memiliki hak untuk mencalonkan atau menggulingkan penguasa, hak garnisun, dan kontrol kebijakan luar negeri. Mereka dianggap oleh Otomans sebagai bagian dari [[Dar al-Ahd|Dar al-'Ahd]], sehingga mereka diizinkan untuk mempertahankan pemerintahan sendiri, dan tidak berada di bawah hukum Islam.<ref>Romanian historian Florin Constantiniu points out that, on crossing into [[Wallachia]], foreign travelers used to notice hearing church bells in every village, which were forbidden by Islamic law in the Ottoman empire. {{Cite book|year=2006|edition=IV|publisher=Univers Enciclopedic Gold|title=O istorie sinceră a poporului român|trans_title=A sincere history of the Romanian people|first=Florin|last=Constantiniu|pages=115&ndash;118}}</ref>

* Beberapa negara seperti Ragusa membayar upeti untuk keseluruhan wilayah mereka dan mengakui [[suzerainty]] (kekuasaan) Ottoman.

* Lainnya seperti sharif Mekah mengakui [[suzerainty]] Ottoman tapi disubsidi oleh Porte.

* Selanjutnya pada periode penurunan Ottoman, beberapa negara yang memisahkan diri dari Kekaisaran Ottoman memiliki status negara vasal (misalnya mereka membayar upeti kepada Kekaisaran Ottoman), sebelum memperoleh kemerdekaan penuh. Namun mereka de facto independen, termasuk memiliki kebijakan luar negeri mereka sendiri dan militer independen mereka sendiri. Ini adalah kasus dengan kepangeranan-kepangeranan [[Kepangeranan Serbia|Serbia]], [[United Principalities of Romania|Romania]] and [[Kepangeranan Bulgaria|Bulgaria]].

== List ==

[[ImageBerkas:Central europe 1683.png|thumb|Map showing some vassal states of the Ottoman Empire in 1683|300px]]

* [[Byzantine Empire]], ca. 1372–1403 as a vassal state, tributary from 1424 onward.

* [[Principality of Wallachia]] (Eflâk Prensliği), 1395–1397, 1417–1861 with some interruptions; briefly annexed as an [[Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire|eyalet]] from 1521–22 and 1595–96<ref name="google1">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8gs4AAAAIAAJ |title=An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the ... - Donald Edgar Pitcher - Google Boeken |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>){{Page needed|date=November 2010}}

* [[Serbian Despotate]]<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=9yGRZTZhlDQC&pg=PA10&dq=Serbia+%2B+vassal+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&hl=en&ei=gOyRTtnjPKnj4QSx5JjPAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Serbia%20%2B%20vassal%20of%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire&f=false Constantinople 1453: the end of Byzantium] p.10</ref> (ca. 1402–1459)

* [[Principality of Moldavia]] (Boğdan Prensliği), 1456–1457, 1503–1861 with some interruptions; briefly annexed as an [[Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire|eyalet]] from 1595–96<ref name="google1"/>){{Page needed|date=November 2010}}

* [[Sharifate of Mecca]], 1517-1803

* [[Crimean Khanate]] (Kırım Hanlığı), 1478–1774

* [[Kazan Khanate]] (Kazan Hanlığı), 1523: Kazan briefly conquered by Crimean Khanate, [[Sahib I Giray]] enthroned as Khan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=The_Crimean_Khanate |title=The Tatar Khanate of Crimea |publisher=All Empires |accessdate=9 October 2010}}</ref>

* [[Eastern Hungarian Kingdom]]

* [[Hilaalee dynasty]] of [[The Maldives]], 1565?-1597?<ref name="google2">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=80lLuG3KRGIC&pg=PA429&dq=%22ottoman+%22vassals%22+and+their+obligations%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NRsVUti_CpL89gT7-oDABA&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22ottoman%20%22vassals%22%20and%20their%20obligations%22&f=false |title=The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and ... - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2013-06-20 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>

* [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]] (Erdel), 1570–1692 with some interruptions

* [[Sultanate of Aceh]], 1569-late 18th century<ref>Palabiyik, Hamit, ''Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age'', (Ankara, 2008), 84.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/docs%5CAceh-project%5Cfull-papers%5Caceh_fp_ismailhakkigoksoy.pdf|author=Ismail Hakki Goksoy|title=''Ottoman-Aceh Relations According to the Turkish Sources''}}</ref>

* [[Kingdom of Bohemia]], briefly in 1620 under [[Frederick V, Elector Palatine|Frederick I of Bohemia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XgtpAl8HzjcC&pg=PA294&dq=Frederick+wrote+to+the+sultan+on+12+July,+making+Bohemia+a+tributary+state+of+the+Ottoman+empire&hl=en&ei=-fG1Tvv1FIHd0QGZnoTSBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Frederick%20wrote%20to%20the%20sultan%20on%2012%20July%2C%20making%20Bohemia%20a%20tributary%20state%20of%20the%20Ottoman%20empire&f=false |title=The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy - Peter Hamish Wilson - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>

* [[Principality of Upper Hungary]] (modern-day [[SlovakiaSlowakia]]), 1682–1685 under [[Imre Thököly]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tacitus.nu/historical-atlas/regents/balkan/transylvania.htm |title=Princes of Transylvania |publisher=Tacitus.nu |date=2008-08-30 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>

* [[Principality of Serbia]] (Sırbistan Prensliği), 1817–1830; further autonomy 1833–1878

* [[United Principalities of Romania]] (Romanya Prensliği), 1862–1877

* [[Khedivate of Egypt]] (Mısır), 1867–1914: ''de jure'' under Ottoman suzerainty, in effect fully autonomous, and from 1882 a [[British occupation of Egypt|British protectorate]]; broke away from Ottoman suzerainty upon Ottoman entry into World War I as the [[Sultanate of Egypt]].

* [[Principality of Bulgaria]] (Bulgaristan Prensliği), 1878–1908

* [[Republic of Ragusa]]

* [[Duchy of Naxos]]

* [[Principality of Samos]] (Sisam), 1835–1912: established as an autonomous tributary principality under a Christian governor; annexed to Greece during the [[First Balkan War]]

* [[Eastern Rumelia]] (Doğu Rumeli), 1878–1885: established by the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Treaty of Berlin]] on 13 July 1878 as an autonomous province; joined to the tributary [[Principality of Bulgaria]] on 6 September 1885 but remained ''de jure'' under Ottoman suzerainty; independent along with the rest of Bulgaria on 5 October 1908.

* [[Cyprus]] (Kıbrıs), 1878–1914: established as a British [[protectorate]] under Ottoman suzerainty with the [[Cyprus Convention]] of 4 June 1878; annexed by Britain upon Ottoman entry into World War I.

* [[Qatar]] (Katar), 1872–1913

* [[Cretan State]] (Girit), 1898–1912/13: established as an internationally supervised tributary state headed by a Christian governor; in 1908 the Cretan parliament unilaterally declared union with Greece; the island was occupied by Greece in 1912, and ''de jure'' annexed in 1913

* [[Cossack Hetmanate]]: [[Right-bank Ukraine]] under the rule of [[Petro Doroshenko]] (1669—1675)

* [[Septinsular Republic]]

== See also ==

* [[List of Ottoman Empire territories]]

== References ==

[[CategoryKategori:Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire]]