Bencana Chernobyl: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Bencana dimulai ketika sedang dilakukan pengujian sistem tanggal 26 April 1986 di reaktor nomor 4 pembangkit Chernobyl yang letaknya dekat [[Pripyat]] dan dekat dengan perbatasan administratif dengan [[Belarusian SSR|Belarus]] dan Sungai [[Dnieper]]. Kemudian terjadi lonjakan energi secara tiba-tiba dan tak diduga, dan ketika sedang mencoba mematikan darurat, terjadi lonjakan daya sangat tinggi yang menyebabkan [[tangki reaktor]] pecah diikuti serangkaian ledakan uap. Kejadian ini melepaskan [[moderator neutron]] [[grafit]] di reaktor ke udara, sehingga menyala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chernobyl-15/cherno-faq.shtml |title=Frequently Asked Chernobyl Questions |date=May 2005 |accessdate=23 March 2011 |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency – Division of Public Information |deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223010003/http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chernobyl-15/cherno-faq.shtml |archivedate=23 February 2011 }}</ref>{{discuss}} Kebakaran yang dihasilkan berlangsung seminggu penuh dan melepaskan debu partikel radioaktif ke atmosfer secara meluas, termasuk Pripyat. Debu kemudian tersebar ke kawasan [[Uni Soviet]] bagian barat dan Eropa. Menurut data resmi pasca-Soviet,<ref>{{cite book |title=International Chernobyl Portal chernobyl.info |last1=ICRIN Project |year=2011 |url=http://chernobyl.info/Default.aspx?tabid=294 |accessdate=2011}}</ref><ref name="IAEA">{{cite book |title= Environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident and their remediation: Twenty years of experience. Report of the Chernobyl Forum Expert Group ‘Environment’ |publisher= International Atomic Energy Agency|year=2006 |location=Vienna |isbn=92-0-114705-8<!--NOTE:fails checksum test but it is the isbn published by the source --> |page= 180 |url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1239_web.pdf |accessdate=13 March 2011}}</ref> sekitar 60% debu jatuh di Belarus.
36 jam setelah insiden ini, otoritas Soviet memberlakukan [[zona eksklusi]] 10-kilometer yang menyebabkan evakuasi cepat 49.000 orang beserta hewan mereka, terutama dari pusat populasi terbesar dekat reaktor, kota Pripyat.<ref name="Nuclear Disasters pp 55">[Nuclear Disasters & The Built Environment: A Report to the Royal Institute ...By Philip Steadman, Simon Hodgkinson pp 55]</ref> Meskipun tidak dikomunikasikan saat itu, evakuasi langsung setelah insiden tidak disarankan karena jalanan keluar kota dipenuhi dengan debu yang berisi partikel nuklir didalamnya, kotanya sendiri cukup aman karena diuntungkan oleh arah angin, sehingga penduduk disarankan untuk berdiam di rumah sebelum dievakuasi sebelum arah angin berubah.<ref name="Nuclear Disasters pp 55"/>
Karena debu terus menerus dihasilkan, [[zona eksklusi|zona evakuasi]] diperbesar dari 10 menjadi 30 km sekitar seminggu setelah insiden, mengakibatkan 68.000 penduduk lagi harus dievakuasi, termasuk dari [[Chernobyl|kota Chernobyl]] sendiri.<ref name="Nuclear Disasters pp 55"/> Survei dan deteksi dari zona terisolasi menyebutkan bahwa total ada sekitar 135.000 orang pengungsi "jangka panjang".<ref name="Nuclear Disasters pp 55"/> Jumlah ini naik hampir 3 kali lipat menjadi 350.000 orang pada dekade setelahnya, 1986-2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |format=PDF |title=Table 2.2 Number of people affected by the Chernobyl accident (to December 2000) |work=The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident |page=32 |publisher=UNDP and UNICEF |date=22 January 2002 |accessdate=17 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |format=PDF |title=Table 5.3: Evacuated and resettled people |work=The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident |page=66 |publisher=UNDP and UNICEF |date=22 January 2002 |accessdate=17 September 2010 }}</ref>
Rusia, Ukraina, dan Belarusia terbebani dengan [[dekontaminasi]] terus menerus dan biaya kompensasi bulanan<ref name="spectrum.ieee.org"/><ref name="fee.org">[https://fee.org/articles/chernobyl-in-perspective/ Chernobyl in Perspective, James Peron, 2006]</ref><ref>[http://old.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2006/4/article/liquidators-battle-death-and-apathy/205350.html/ "Now, liquidators must go to court routinely to get their monthly payments adjusted so that they keep up with inflation. While there are laws dictating that liquidators are entitled to cost-of-living adjustments, the Federal Employment Service does not increase compensation payments until ordered to do so by a court, liquidators said." By Anastasiya Lebedev Apr. 25 2006]</ref> akibat bencana Chernobyl.
Bencana ini meningkatkan perhatian mengenai [[reaktor fisi]] di seluruh dunia dan ratusan proposal [[Reaktor nuklir#Klasifikasi|reaktor]], termasuk diantaranya yang sedang dibangun di Chernobyl (No.5 dan 6) akhirnya dibatalkan.
Insiden ini juga meningkatkan perhatian mengenai [[budaya keamanan]] di industri tenaga nuklir Soviet, menurunkan pertumbuhan industri dan memaksa pemerintah untuk lebih terbuka mengenai prosedurnya.<ref name=Kagarlitsky>{{cite book |title=The New Detente: Rethinking East-West Relations |chapter=Perestroika: The Dialectic of Change|last=Kagarlitsky|first=Boris|editor=[[Mary Kaldor]] |editor2=Gerald Holden |editor3=[[Richard A. Falk]] |year=1989|publisher=United Nations University Press|isbn=0-86091-962-5}}</ref><ref name=Kagarlitsky group=notes>"No one believed the first newspaper reports, which patently understated the scale of the catastrophe and often contradicted one another. The confidence of readers was re-established only after the press was allowed to examine the events in detail without the original censorship restrictions. The policy of openness ([[glasnost]]) and 'uncompromising criticism' of outmoded arrangements had been proclaimed at the 27th Congress (of [[Communist Party of Soviet Union|KPSS]]), but it was only in the tragic days following the Chernobyl disaster that glasnost began to change from an official slogan into an everyday practice. The truth about Chernobyl that eventually hit the newspapers opened the way to a more truthful examination of other social problems. More and more articles were written about drug abuse, crime, corruption and the mistakes of leaders of various ranks. A wave of 'bad news' swept over the readers in 1986–87, shaking the consciousness of society. Many were horrified to find out about the numerous calamities of which they had previously had no idea. It often seemed to people that there were many more outrages in the epoch of [[perestroika]] than before although, in fact, they had simply not been informed about them previously." -Kagarlitsky pp. 333–334</ref> Pemerintah yang berusaha menutup-nutupi bencana ini menjadi "katalis" "catalyst" for [[glasnost]], yang "memuluskan jalan bagi reformasi yang berakhir pada kolapsnya Soviet".<ref>{{Cite web|title = Chernobyl cover-up a catalyst for ‘glasnost’|url = http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12403612/ns/world_news-europe/t/chernobyl-cover-up-catalyst-glasnost/|accessdate = 2015-06-21|date = 24 April 2006|publisher = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref>
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