Migrasi ke Xinjiang: Perbedaan antara revisi

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== Sejarah ==
 
=== Latar belakang ===
Xinjiang Selatan di bawah Tianshan memiliki koloni-koloni militer yang didirikan oleh dinasti Han.<ref>{{cite book|author=S. Frederick Starr|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA243#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=15 March 2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-3192-3|pages=243–}}</ref>
 
Para sejarawan nasionalis Uighur seperti [[Turghun Almas]] mengklaim bahwa Uighur terpisah dan merdeka dari Tiongkok selama 6000 tahun, dan bahwa seluruh orang non-Uighur adalah imigran non-pribumi di Xinjiang.<ref name="Bovingdon30">{{harvnb|Bovingdon|2010|pp=25, 30–31}}</ref> Namun, [[Dinasti Han]] (206 SM–220 M) mendirikan koloni militer ([[tuntian]]) dan pengkomandanan ([[duhufu]]) untuk menguasai Xinjiang dari 120 SM, sementara [[Dinasti Tang]] (618-907) juga mengusai sebagian besar wilayah Xinjiang sampai [[pemberontakan An Lushan]].<ref name="Bovingdon25">{{harvnb|Bovingdon|2010|pp=25–26}}</ref> Para sejarawan Tiongkok membantah klaim-klaim nasionalis Uighur dengan memberikan bukti sejarah 2000 tahun dari pemukiman Han di Xinjiang, mendokumentasikan sejarah [[Mongol di Tiongkok|Mongol]], [[orang Kazakh|Kazakh]], [[orang Uzbek|Uzbek]], [[orang Manchu|Manchu]], [[orang Hui|Hui]], [[orang Xibo|Xibo]] di Xinjiang, dan menyatakan tentang "migrasi kawasan barat" orang [[Huigu]] (dianggap sama dengan "Uighur" oleh pemerintah RRT) dari Mongolia pada abad ke-9.<ref name="Bovingdon30"/> Naabad ke-9, namun secara keseluruhan menghilang pada abad ke-15, sampai dibangkitkan oleh [[Uni Soviet]] pada abad ke-20.<ref>{{harvnb|Bovingdon|2010|p=28}}</ref>
 
== Referensi ==
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* {{cite book|title=War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795|first=Peter|last=Lorge|volume=|edition=|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/?id=htPxVEh3owAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1134372868|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
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* {{cite book|title=China ; Political, Commercial, and Social: In an Official Report to Her Majesty's Government|first=Robert Montgomery|last=Martin|volume=Volume 1 of China, Political, Commercial, and Social: In an Official Report to Her Majesty's Government, China, Political, Commercial, and Social: In an Official Report to Her Majesty's Government|edition=|year=1847|publisher=J. Madden|url=https://books.google.com/?id=SV9AAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
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* {{cite book|title=Géographie mathématique, physique & politique de toutes les parties du monde, Volume 12|first1=Edme |last1=Mentelle |author2=Malte Conrad Brun (dit Conrad) Malte-Brun|author3=Pierre-Etienne Herbin de Halle|volume=|edition=|year=1804|publisher=H. Tardieu|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CghUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite journal |last=Meehan |first= Lieutenant Colonel Dallace L.|last2= |first2= |date= May–June 1980 |title= Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Military implications for the decades ahead |url= http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1980/may-jun/meehan.html |journal= Air University Review |publisher= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=11 May 2014}}
* {{cite book|title=Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864|first=James A.|last=Millward|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1998|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0804729336|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
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* {{cite book|title=Peacemaking: From Practice to Theory [2 volumes]: From Practice to Theory|editor1-first=Susan Allen|editor1-last=Nan|editor2-first=Zachariah Cherian|editor2-last=Mampilly|editor3-first=Andrea|editor3-last=Bartoli|volume=|edition=|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=https://books.google.com/?id=XLgWhJXHqYAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0313375771|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
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* {{cite book|title=Great Britain and Chinese, Russian and Japanese interests in Sinkiang, 1918-1934|first=Lars-Erik|last=Nyman|volume=Volume 8 of Lund studies in international history|edition=|year=1977|publisher=Esselte studium|url=https://books.google.com/?id=JNlwAAAAMAAJ&q=Turki+(or+officially+Uighur+since+1921)+population+considers+Kashgaria+as+their+homeland,+but+a+migration+has+been+in+progress+to+Dzungaria+since+the+18th+century&dq=Turki+(or+officially+Uighur+since+1921)+population+considers+Kashgaria+as+their+homeland,+but+a+migration+has+been+in+progress+to+Dzungaria+since+the+18th+century|isbn=9124272876|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier|first=S. C. M.|last=Paine|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1996|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=https://books.google.com/?id=zMrx5Rw5n0AC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1563247240|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
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* {{cite book|title=State Capitalism, Contentious Politics and Large-Scale Social Change|editor-first=Vincent|editor-last=Pollard|volume=Volume 29 of Studies in Critical Social Sciences|edition=illustrated|year=2011|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/?id=5p_rjMLgj_8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9004194452|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Tibet|first1=John|last1=Powers|first2=David|last2=Templeman|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2012|publisher=Scarecrow Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LVlyX6iSDEQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0810879840|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=The modern approach to history|first=Buddha|last=Prakash|volume=|edition=|year=1963|publisher=University Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-1HAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
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* {{cite book|title=Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road|first1=Justin Jon|last1=Rudelson|first2=Justin Ben-Adam|last2=Rudelson|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DMU8Ue0HECcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0231107870|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
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* {{cite news |last=RYAN |first= WILLIAM L.|date=2 January 1969|title= Russians Back Revolution in Province Inside China |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19690102&id=ylsgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UGQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4665,144363 |newspaper= The Lewiston Daily Sun |page=3|location= |publisher= |accessdate= 12 May 2014}}
* {{cite book|title=Notes on the Central Asiatic Question|editor=M. Romanovski|chapter=Eastern Turkestan and Dzungaria, and the rebellion of the Tungans and Taranchis, 1862 to 1866 by Robert Michell|volume=|year=1870|publisher=Office of Superintendent of Government Printing|location=Calcutta|url=https://books.google.com/?id=reBFF3fWjPAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia|volume=Volume 74 of Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East|issue=|first=Alan J. K.|last=Sanders|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=3, illustrated|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=5JN83EDDLl4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0810874520|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity, Volume 3|first=Dinah C|last=Shelton|editor-first=Dinah|editor-last=Sheltonvolume=|edition=illustrated|year=2005|publisher=Macmillan Reference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-8YAAAAIAAJ|isbn=0028658507|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Aspects of Altaic Civilization III: Proceedings of the Thirtieth Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, June 19-25, 1987|volume=Volume 3 of Aspects of Altaic civilization / ed. by Denis Sinor Volume 145 of Indiana University Uralic and Altaic series, Indiana University Bloomington|editor-first=Denis|editor-last=Sinor|others=Contributor: Indiana University, Bloomington. Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies|edition=|year=1990|publisher=Psychology Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wWbAbwxMZXEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0700703802|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland |editor-first=S. Frederick |editor-last=Starr |volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0765613182|accessdate=31 October 2016 |ref={{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=New Ghosts, Old Ghosts: Prisons and Labor Reform Camps in China|series=Socialism and Social Movements Series|first1=James D.|last1=Seymour|first2=Richard|last2=Anderson|others=Contributor: Sidong Fan|volume=|edition=illustrated, reprint|year=1999|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=https://books.google.com/?id=HHwkn9pnjSwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0765605104|accessdate=22 April 2014 |ref={{harvid||}} }}
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* {{cite news |last= Tinibai|first=Kenjali |date=28 May 2010 |title=China and Kazakhstan: A Two-Way Street |url= http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/may2010/gb20100528_168520.htm |newspaper= Bloomberg Businessweek |page=1 |location= |publisher= |accessdate=12 May 2014}}
* {{cite news |last= Tinibai|first=Kenjali |date=28 May 2010 |title= Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street |url= http://engnews.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=308213 |newspaper= Gazeta.kz |page=|location= |publisher= |accessdate=12 May 2014}}
* {{cite news |last= Tinibai|first=Kenjali |date=27 May 2010 |title= Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street |url= http://www.tol.org/client/article/21490-kazakhstan-and-china-a-two-way-street.html |newspaper= Transitions Online |page=|location= |publisher= |accessdate=12 May 2014}}
* {{cite book|title=Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang|first=Christian|last=Tyler|volume=|edition=illustrated, reprint|year=2004|publisher=Rutgers University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&printsec=frontcover&vq=Merchant+jahangir#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0813535336|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Asiatische Forschungen, Volumes 73-75|issue=|author=Universität Bonn. Ostasiatische Seminar|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=|year=1982|publisher=O. Harrassowitz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbILAAAAIAAJ|isbn=344702237X|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|title=Eurasian Corridors of Interconnection: From the South China to the Caspian Sea|editor1-first=Susan M.|editor1-last=Walcott|editor2-first=Corey|editor2-last=Johnson|volume=|edition=|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/?id=OkAVAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1135078750|accessdate=13 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
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* {{cite book|title=China's Post-Jiang Leadership Succession: Problems and Perspectives|editor1-first=John|editor1-last=Wong|editor2-first=Yongnian|editor2-last=Zheng|volume=|edition=|year=2002|publisher=World Scientific|url=https://books.google.com/?id=cEdQ1IuJFH4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=981270650X|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750|first=Odd Arne|last=Westad|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2012|publisher=Basic Books|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uL8NoXZtyxMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0465029361|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite book|title=China's Post-Jiang Leadership Succession: Problems and Perspectives|editor1-first=John|editor1-last=Wong|editor2-first=Yongnian|editor2-last=Zheng|volume=|edition=|year=2002|publisher=World Scientific|url=https://books.google.com/?id=cEdQ1IuJFH4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=981270650X|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite journal |url= http://mcx.sagepub.com/content/32/1/3.abstract |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf |archivedate=25 March 2014 |jstor = 20062627 | doi = 10.1177/0097700405282349 |title=Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century|journal= Modern China |last1= Zhao |first1=Gang |last2= |first2= |volume= 32 |pages= 3 |number=Number 1 |date= January 2006|website= |publisher= Sage Publications |deadurl=no |accessdate=17 April 2014}}
* {{cite book|title=Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia|issue=|first=Andrei|last=Znamenski|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=illustrated|year=2011|publisher=Quest Books|url=https://books.google.com/?id=6J6T2uz1KSoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0835608913|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
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* {{cite book|title=Inner Asia, Volume 4, Issues 1-2|first=|last=|others=Contributor: University of Cambridge. Mongolia & Inner Asia Studies Unit|volume=|edition=|year=2002|publisher=The White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1RuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0804729336|page=|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* {{cite news |author= UPI |date=22 September 1981 |title=Radio war aims at China Moslems |url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19810922&id=3oAxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9KQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5348,448513 |newspaper= The Montreal Gazette |page=11|location= |publisher= |accessdate=12 May 2014 }}
 
{{Topik Xinjiang}}