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|succession =[[Kerajaan Kastila dan León|Ratu Kastila dan León]]
|reign =11 December 1474 – {{nowrap|26 November 1504}}
|predecessor =[[Enrique IV dari Kastila|Enrique IV]]
|successor =Juana
|succession1 =Permaisuri Raja Aragon
|reign-type1 =Periode
|reign1 =20 Januari 1479 – {{nowrap|26 November 1504}}
|issue =Isabel, Permaisuri Portugal<br /> Juan, Pangeran Asturias <br />Juana, Ratu Kastilia dan Aragon<br />Maria, Permaisuri Portugal<br />[[Catarina d'Aragón|CatarinaCatalina, Permaisuri Inggris]]
|house =[[Berkas:Escudo Corona de Castilla.png|30px]][[Wangsa Trastámara]]
|father =[[Juan II dari Kastila|Juan II, Raja KastiliaKastila dan León]]
|mother =Isabel, Permaisuridari KastiliaPortugal
|date of birth =[[22 April]] [[1451]]
|place of birth =Madrigal de las Altas Torres
===Pemerintahan===
Baik Isabel maupun Fernando menetapkan beberapa lembaga pemerintahan dan tata usaha di masing-masing kerajaan mereka. Khususnya di Kastila, capaian utamanya adalah menggunakan lembaga-lembaga yang telah ada sejak Raja Juan II dan Enrique IV dengan lebih efektif.<ref>Edwards, John. ''Ferdinand and Isabella''. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 28</ref>
Both Isabella and Ferdinand established very few new governmental and administrative institutions in their respective kingdoms. Especially in Castile, the main achievement was to use more effectively the institutions that had existed during the reigns of John II and Henry IV.<ref>Edwards, John. ''Ferdinand and Isabella''. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 28</ref> Historically, the center of the Castilian government had been the royal household, together with its surrounding court. The household was traditionally divided into two overlapping bodies. The first body was made up of household officials, mainly people of the nobility, who carried out governmental and political functions for which they received special payment. The second body was made up of some 200 permanent servants or continos who performed a wide range of confidential functions on behalf of the rulers.<ref>Edwards, John. ''Ferdinand and Isabella''. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 29</ref> By the 1470s, when Isabella began to take a firm grip on the royal administration, the senior offices of the royal household were simply honorary titles and held strictly by the nobility. The positions of a more secretarial nature were often held by senior churchmen. Substantial revenues were attached to such offices and were therefore enjoyed greatly, on an effectively hereditary basis, by the great Castilian houses of nobility. While the nobles held the titles, those individuals of lesser breeding did the real work.<ref>Edwards, John. ''Ferdinand and Isabella''. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 29–32</ref>
[[File:Losreyescatolicos.jpg|thumb|left|Ferdinand and Isabella with their subjects]]
Traditionally, the main advisory body to the rulers of Castile was the [[Council of Castile|Royal Council]]. The Council, under the monarch, had full power to resolve all legal and political disputes. The Council was responsible for supervising all senior administrative officials, such as the Crown representatives in all of the major towns. It was also the supreme judicial tribunal of the kingdom.<ref>Edwards, John. ''Ferdinand and Isabella''. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 30</ref> In 1480, during the Cortes of Toledo, Isabella made many reforms to the Royal Council. Previously there had been two distinct yet overlapping categories of royal councillor. One formed a group which possessed both judicial and administrative responsibilities. This portion consisted of some bishops, some nobles, and an increasingly important element of professional administrators with legal training known as letrados. The second category of traditional councillor had a less formal role. This role depended greatly on the individuals' political influence and personal influence with the monarch. During Isabella's reign, the role of this second category was completely eliminated.<ref>Edwards,John. ''The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520''. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 42–47</ref> As mentioned previously, Isabella had little care for personal bribes or favours. Because of this, this second type of councillor, usually of the nobility, was only allowed to attend the council of Castile as an observer.
Isabella began to rely more on the professional administrators than ever before. These men were mostly of the [[bourgeoisie]] or lesser nobility. The Council was also rearranged and it was officially settled that one bishop, three caballeros, and eight or nine lawyers would serve on the council at a time. While the nobles were no longer directly involved in the matters of state, they were welcome to attend the meetings. Isabella hoped by forcing the nobility to choose whether to participate or not would weed out those who were not dedicated to the state and its cause.<ref>Plunkett,Ierne. ''Isabella of Castile''. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 142</ref>
Isabella also saw the need to provide a personal relationship between herself as the monarch and her subjects. Therefore, Isabella and Ferdinand set aside a time every Friday during which they themselves would sit and allow people to come to them with complaints. This was a new form of personal justice that Castile had not seen before. The Council of State was reformed and presided over by the King and Queen. This department of public affairs dealt mainly with foreign negotiations, hearing embassies, and transacting business with the Court of Rome. In addition to these departments, there was also a Supreme Court of the Santa Hermandad, a Council of Finance, and a Council for settling purely Aragonese matters.<ref>Plunkett,Ierne. ''Isabel of Castile''. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 143</ref> Although Isabella made many reforms that seem to have made the Cortes stronger, in actuality the Cortes lost political power during the reigns of Isabella and Ferdinand. Isabella and her husband moved in the direction of a non-parliamentary government and the Cortes became an almost passive advisory body, giving automatic assent to legislation which had been drafted by the royal administration.<ref>Edwards,John. ''The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520''. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 49</ref>
After the reforms of the Cortes of Toledo, the Queen ordered a noted jurist, Alfonso Diaz de Montalvo, to undertake the task of clearing away legal rubbish and compiling what remained into a comprehensive code. Within four years the work stood completed in eight bulky volumes and the Ordenanzas Reales took their place on legal bookshelves.<ref>Plunkett,Ierne. ''Isabel of Castile''. The Knickerbocker Press, 1915, p. 146</ref>
===Tahun 1492===
====Granada====
[[File:Isabella by Bigarny01.jpg|thumb|StatuePatung ofIsabel Isabellaoleh by [[Felipe Bigarny]]; itditempatkan residesdi in the [[Capilla Real de Granada|Capilla Real]], in [[Granada]]]]
AtPada theakhir end of themasa [[Reconquista|''reconquista'']], onlyhanya Granada wasyang lefttersisa foruntuk Isabelladitaklukan andoleh FerdinandFernando todan conquerIsabel. The [[Emirate ofKeamiran Granada]] haddipimpin beenoleh heldwangsa by the Muslim [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrid]]sejak emiratepertengahan sinceabad the mid-13thketiga centurybelas.<ref>Edwards, John. ''Ferdinand and Isabella''. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 48</ref> ProtectedWilayahnya byyang naturaldilindungi barrierspenghalang andalami fortifieddan townsbenteng-benteng, itmembuat hadproses withstoodpenaklukannya theberlangsung longcukup process of the [[reconquista]]lama. OnPada 1 FebruaryFebruari 1482,Fernando thedan kingIsabel andtiba queendi reached [[MedinaMedia del Campo]] and this is generallydan consideredini theumumnya beginningdipandang ofsebagai theawal warperang fordengan Granada. WhileSaat Isabella'sFernando anddan Ferdinand'sIsabel involvementturut inserta thedalam warperang wassejak apparentawal, from the start,kepemimpinan Granada's leadershipjustru was divided andterpecah neverbelah abledan totidak presentberada adalam unitedsatu frontkesatuan.<ref>Edwards, John. ''Ferdinand and Isabella''. Pearson Education Limited, 2005, p. 48–49</ref> HoweverMeskipun begitu, itmasih stilltetap tookmembutuhkan tenwaktu yearssekitar tosepuluh conquertahun Granadauntuk menaklukannya, culminatingpuncaknya inpada 1492.
The Spanish monarchs recruited soldiers from many European countries and improved their artillery with the latest and best cannons.<ref>Edwards,John. ''The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520''. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 104–106</ref> Systematically, they proceeded to take the kingdom piece by piece. In 1485 they laid siege to [[Ronda]], which surrendered after only a fortnight due to extensive bombardment.<ref>Edwards,John. ''The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520''. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 111</ref> The following year, [[Loja, Granada|Loja]] was taken, and again [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII]] was captured and released. One year later, with the fall of [[Málaga]], the western part of the Muslim [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrid]] kingdom had fallen into Spanish hands. The eastern province succumbed after the fall of [[Baza, Granada|Baza]] in 1489. The siege of Granada began in the spring of 1491 and at the end of the year, Muhammad XII surrendered. On 2 January 1492 Isabella and Ferdinand entered Granada to receive the keys of the city and the principal [[Great Mosque of Cordoba|mosque]] was reconsecrated as a church.<ref>Edwards,John. ''The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520''. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 112–130</ref> The [[Treaty of Granada]] was signed later that year, and in it Ferdinand and Isabella gave their word to allow the Muslims and Jews of Granada to live in peace. An uprising by the [[Moors]] in 1500 caused the Catholic side to consider that the Moors had violated the Treaty: this gave them a justification for revoking its provisions. See [[Morisco Revolt]].
Fernando dan Isabel merekrut para prajurit dari berbagai negara-negara Eropa dan meningkatkan artileri mereka dengan meriam terbaik dan paling mutakhir.<ref>Edwards,John. ''The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520''. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 104–106</ref> Secara perlahan, mereka merebut Keamiran Granada sedikit demi sedikit. Pada 1485, mereka mengepung Ronda dan menaklukannya hanya dalam waktu dua pekan dengan pengeboman besar-besaran.<ref>Edwards,John. ''The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520''. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 111</ref> Di tahun berikutnya, Loja diduduki dan Muhammad XII kembali ditangkap dan dibebaskan. Setahun kemudian, dengan jatuhnya [[Málaga]], bagian barat Keamiran Granada jatuh ke tangan Isabel dan Fernando. Wilayah bagian timurnya menyerang saat jatuhnya Baza pada 1489. Pengepungan Granada dimulai pada musim semi 1491 dan pada akhir tahun tersebut, Muhammad XII menyerah. Pada 2 Januari 1492, Fernando dan Isabel memasuki Granada dan menerima kunci kota. Masjid utama Granada kemudian diubah menjadi gereja.<ref>Edwards,John. ''The Spain of the Catholic Monarchs 1474–1520''. Blackwell Publishers Inc, 2000, p. 112–130</ref> Perjanjian Granada ditandatangani pada tahun itu, dan Fernando dan Isabel memberi jaminan untuk membiarkan umat Islam dan Yahudi Granada hidup dalam damai. Pemberontakan bangsa Moor pada tahun 1500 menyebabkan pihak Katolik memandang bahwa pihak Muslim melanggar perjanjian yang telah disepakati, yang dipandang sebagai pembenaran untuk melakukan pengusiran umat Muslim dan Yahudi dari Spanyol.
During the war, Isabella noted the abilities and energy of [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba]] and made him one of the two commissioners for the negotiations. Under her patronage, De Córdoba went on to an extraordinary military career that revolutionised the organisation and tactics of the emerging Spanish military, changing the nature of warfare and altering the European balance of power.
====Kolumbus dan hubungan dengan Portugis====
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