Francis Collins: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Collins joined the [[University of Michigan]] faculty in 1984, rising to the rank of professor in internal medicine and human genetics. His gene-hunting approach, which he named "[[positional cloning]]",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rowan.biology.ualberta.ca/courses/genet302/uploads/winter11/gane/private/genet302-GW-week3_noQ.pdf |title=Positional cloning of human disease genes: a reversal of scientific priorities |publisher=University of Alberta, Department of Biological Science |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Collins F |year=1992 |title=Positional Cloning: Let's not call it reverse anymore |url= |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–6 |doi=10.1038/ng0492-3 |pmid=1301996}}</ref> developed into a powerful<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0959437X95800425 |title=Positional cloning reaches maturity |last=Nelson |first=David L. |date=Jun 1995 |journal=Curr Opin Genet Dev |accessdate=August 25, 2014 |doi=10.1016/0959-437X(95)80042-5 |pmid=7549422 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=298–303}}</ref> component of modern molecular genetics.
Several scientific teams worked in the 1970s and 1980s to identify genes and their loci as a cause of [[cystic fibrosis]]. Progress was modest until 1985, when [[Lap-Chee Tsui]] and colleagues at Toronto's Hospital for Sick Children identified the locus for the gene.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tsui |first=LC |author2=Buchwald M |author3=Barker D |title=Cystic fibrosis locus defined by a genetically linked polymorphic DNA marker |journal=Science |date=November 29, 1985 |volume=230 |issue=4729 |pages=1054–1057 |doi=10.1126/science.2997931 |bibcode = 1985Sci...230.1054T }}<!--|accessdate=May 9, 2014--><!--</ref> It was then determined that a shortcut was needed to speed the process of identification, so Tsui contacted Collins, who agreed to collaborate with the Toronto team and share his chromosome-jumping technique. The gene was identified in June 1989,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hhmi.org/genetictrail/a120.html |title=''Blazing a Genetic Trail/.../Jumping Toward the Gene'' |author=Pines, Maya |publisher=Howard Hughes Medical Institute |year=2008 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hhmi.org/genetictrail/a130.html |title=''Stalking a Lethal Gene:Discovering the Gene for Cystic Fibrosis'' |author=Pines, Maya |publisher=Howard Hughes Medical Institute |year=2008 |accessdate=October 16, 2011}}</ref> and the results were published in the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' on September 8, 1989.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marx |first1=J. |year=1989 |title=The cystic fibrosis gene is found |journal=Science |volume=245 |issue=4921 |pages=923–5 |bibcode=1989Sci...245..923M |doi=10.1126/science.2772644 |pmid=2772644}}</ref> This identification was followed by other genetic discoveries made by Collins and a variety of collaborators. They included isolation of the genes for [[Huntington's disease]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=MacDonald |first1=M |year=1993 |title=A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes |journal=Cell |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=971–83 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(93)90585-E |pmid=8458085}}</ref> [[neurofibromatosis]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Rubin's Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundation of Medicine |first1=Raphael |last1=Rubin |first2=David S. |last2=Strayer |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |edition=5th |date=2008 |location=Baltimore |pages=201–3 |isbn=978-0-7817-9516-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Fauci|title=Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (Small textbook) |edition=16th |pages=2453|display-authors=etal}}</ref> [[multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chandrasekharappa |first1=S. C. |last2=Guru |first2=S. C. |last3=Manickam |first3=P |last4=Olufemi |first4=S. E. |last5=Collins |first5=F. S. |last6=Emmert-Buck |first6=M. R. |last7=Debelenko |first7=L. V. |last8=Zhuang |first8=Z |last9=Lubensky |first9=I. A. |last10=Liotta |first10=L. A. |last11=Crabtree |first11=J. S. |last12=Wang |first12=Y |last13=Roe |first13=B. A. |last14=Weisemann |first14=J |last15=Boguski |first15=M. S. |last16=Agarwal |first16=S. K. |last17=Kester |first17=M. B. |last18=Kim |first18=Y. S. |last19=Heppner |first19=C |last20=Dong |first20=Q |last21=Spiegel |first21=A. M. |last22=Burns |first22=A. L. |last23=Marx |first23=S. J. |year=1997 |title=Positional Cloning of the Gene for Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-Type 1 |journal=Science |volume=276 |issue=5311 |pages=404–7 |doi=10.1126/science.276.5311.404 |pmid=9103196}}</ref> inv(16) AML<ref>Science 261 (5124): 1041–4</ref> and [[Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eriksson |first1=Maria |last2=Brown |first2=W. Ted |last3=Gordon |first3=Leslie B. |last4=Glynn |first4=Michael W. |last5=Singer |first5=Joel |last6=Scott |first6=Laura |last7=Erdos |first7=Michael R. |last8=Robbins |first8=Christiane M. |last9=Moses |first9=Tracy Y. |last10=Berglund |first10=Peter |last11=Dutra |first11=Amalia |last12=Pak |first12=Evgenia |last13=Durkin |first13=Sandra |last14=Csoka |first14=Antonei B. |last15=Boehnke |first15=Michael |last16=Glover |first16=Thomas W. |last17=Collins |first17=Francis S. |year=2003 |title=Recurrent de novo point mutations in lamin a cause Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome |journal=Nature |volume=423 |issue=6937 |pages=293–8 |bibcode=2003Natur.423..293E |doi=10.1038/nature01629 |pmid=12714972}}</ref>
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In 1993 National Institutes of Health Director [[Bernadine Healy]] appointed Collins to succeed [[James D. Watson]] as director of the [[Human Genome Project|National Center for Human Genome Research]], which became [[National Human Genome Research Institute]] (NHGRI) in 1997. As director, he oversaw the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium,<ref>[http://www.genome.gov/11006939 "International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium," National Human Genome Research Institute]</ref> which was the group that successfully carried out the [[Human Genome Project]].
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Collins announced his resignation from NHGRI on May 28, 2008, but has continued to maintain an active lab there.<ref>[[Chemical & Engineering News]], Vol. 86 No. 31, August 4, 2008, p. 33, "Francis Collins leaves NIH"</ref>
== Direktur NIH
===Nomination and confirmation===
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===Christianity===
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Franciscollins.jpg|thumb|185px|Appearing on ''[[The Colbert Report]]'']] --><!--
By graduate school Collins considered himself an [[atheism|atheist]]. However, dealing with dying patients led him to question his religious views, and he investigated various faiths. He familiarized himself with the evidence for and against God in cosmology, and used ''[[Mere Christianity]]'' by [[C. S. Lewis]] as a foundation to re-examine his religious view.<ref>[http://www.salon.com/2006/08/07/collins_6/ Steve Paulson, "The Believer," Salon.com, Aug. 7, 2006]</ref> He eventually came to a conclusion, and became a Christian during a hike on a fall afternoon. He has described himself as a "serious Christian".<ref name=interview />
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