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[[Berkas:The_Scream.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Wajah seseorang yang ketakutan sedang menjerit sementara di belakangnya cakrawala yang berwarna merah darah dalam lukisan [[Edvard Munch]] ''Jeritan'' (dikenal pula sebagai ''The Scream'') (1893), Galeri Nasional, Oslo.]]
'''''Jeritan''''' ([[bahasa Norwegia]]: ''Skrik'', 1893; judul [[bahasa Inggris]]: ''The Scream'') adalah sebuahsebutan untuk empat buah versi lukisan [[ekspresionisme|ekspresionis]] oleh seniman [[Norwegia]] [[Edvard Munch]] yang menjadi sumber inspirasi bagi banyak pelukis lainnya dalam aliran ini. Lukisan ini dianggap oleh banyak orang sebagai karyanya yang paling penting. Sebagian lagi mengatakan lukisan ini melambangkan [[manusia modern]] yang tercekam oleh serangan ''[[angst]]'' (kecemasan [[eksistensialisme|eksistensial]], dengan cakrawala yang diilhami oleh senja yang merah, yang dilihat setelah letusan [[Gunung Krakatau]] pada [[1883]].<ref>{{cite news|last =|first =|coauthors =|title = Krakatau menjadi latar belakang jeritan Munch|work =|pages =|language =|publisher = The Age|date = [[11 Desember]] [[2003]]|url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/12/10/1070732277751.html|accessdate = [[13 Agustus]] [[2006]]}}</ref> Lansekap di belakang adalah [[Oslofjord]], yang dilihat dari bukit [[Ekeberg, Norwegia|Ekeberg]]. Kata ''skrik'' dalam bahasa Norwegia biasanya diterjemahkan menjadi "scream" (jeritan), namun kata ini juga mempunyai [[akar kata]] yang sama dengan kata bahasa Inggris ''shriek''. Kadang-kadang lukisan ini disebut juga ''The Cry'' ("Tangisan").
Ada sebuahVersi [[tempera]] di atas versi karton (berukuran 83,5 x 66 cm) yang sebelumnya terdapat di [[Museum Munch]], [[Oslo]], [[Norwegia]] (lihat galeri), dan sebuah lukisan minyak, tempera, dan pastel di atas karton (ukuran 91 x 73,5 cm) di [[Galeri Nasional, Oslo|Galeri Nasional]] (tampak di sebelah kanan), juga di Oslo. Versi ketiga juga dimiliki oleh Museum Munch, dan yang keempat dimiliki oleh [[Petter Olsen]]. Munch belakangan juga menerjemahkan gambar ini ke dalam bentuk [[litografi|litograf]] (lihat galeri), sehingga gambarya dapat direproduksi dalam berbagai tulisan tinjauan di seluruh dunia. Sejak 1994, dua versi terpisah dari ''Jeritan'' ini dicuri oleh [[Pencurian karya seni|pencuri-pencuri karya seni]], tetapi akhirnya keduanya telah ditemukan kembali. Pada tanggal 2 Mei 2012, lukisan ''The Scream'' terjual sebesar US$ 119.922.500 atau setara dengan Rp 1,079 triliun dalam pelelangan di rumah lelang Sotheby's, New York.<ref name="scream">[http://internasional.kontan.co.id/news/edan-lukisan-ini-terjual-rp-1-triliun/2012/05/03 Edan! Lukisan ini terjual Rp 1 triliun], kontan.co.id, diakses pada 3 Mei 2012 11.32 am.</ref>
== Sumber ilham ==
Sabrina Laurent (Mei 2005) menyimpulkan dari deskripsi Munch tentang ilhamnya bahwa orang di latar depan itu adalah si [http://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Berkas:Edvard_Munch.jpg pelukis sendiri] yang "sebetulnya tidak menjerit tetapi sekadar bereaksi dengan ngeri ketika mendengar jeritan Alam. Dengan menutupi kedua telinganya dengan tangannya, Munch berusaha keras untuk tidak mendengar jeritan ini, sehingga menempatkannya dalam keadaan seolah-olah sedang mengalami serangan panik." Posisi di mana ia melukiskan dirinya sendiri adalah reaksi refleks yang khas dari siapapun yang berjuang untuk menghindari suara yang menekan, entah suara yang sungguhan atau yang dibayang-bayangkan.
<!--The scene has been identified as being the view from a road overlooking Oslo, the [[Oslofjord]] and [[Hovedøya]], from the hill of Ekeberg. At the time of painting the work, Munch's [[Bipolar disorder|manic depressive]] sister Laura Catherine was interned in the mental hospital at the foot of Ekeberg.
In 1978, the renowned Munch scholar Robert Rosenblum suggested that the strange, sexless creature in the foreground of the painting was probably inspired by a [[Peru]]vian [[mummy]] which Munch could have seen at the 1889 Exposition Universelle in [[Paris]]. This mummy, which was crouching in foetal position with its hands alongside its face, also struck the imagination of Munch's friend [[Paul Gauguin]]: it stood model for the central figure in his painting ''Human misery (Grape harvest at Arles)'' and for the old woman at the left in his painting ''[[Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?]]''. More recently, an Italian anthropologist speculated that Munch might have seen a mummy in [[Florence]]'s Museum of Natural History which bears an even more striking resemblance to the painting<ref>{{cite news | title=Italian Mummy Source of 'The Scream'? | date=[[September 7]], [[2004]] | publisher=Discovery Channel | url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20040906/scream.html}} (broken link)</ref>.
In 2003, [[astronomers]] claimed to have identified the time of the scene depicted in the painting. The [[volcano|volcanic eruption]] of [[Krakatoa]] in 1883 caused [[Afterglow|unusually intense]] [[sunset]]s throughout Europe in the winter of 1883-4, which Munch captured in his picture<ref>{{cite news | title=When the Sky Ran Red: The Story Behind ''The Scream'' | date=February, 2004 | publisher=Sky & Telescope | url=http://skyandtelescope.com/aboutsky/pressreleases/article_1118_1.asp}}</ref>.
==Thefts==
On [[12 February]] [[1994]] the National Gallery's ''Scream'' was stolen, the same day that the [[1994 Winter Olympics]] opened in [[Lillehammer, Norway|Lillehammer]]. The painting had been moved to a ground floor display as part of the Olympic festivities, and the presence of international media made the theft a sensation. An early claim of responsibility by a Norwegian anti-[[abortion]] group turned out to be false. After three months, the painting was offered back to the Norwegian government for a [[ransom]] of [[USD]] $1 million. The ransom was refused, but the painting was nevertheless recovered on [[7 May]] [[1994]], following a [[sting operation]] organised by the Norwegian police with assistance from the [[British Police]] and the [[Getty Museum]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/12/newsid_3591000/3591994.stm
|title=On this day: Art thieves snatch Scream
|publisher=[[BBC News]] Online
|date=[[12 February]] [[1994]]
|accessdate=2006-08-31}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Munch Scream Thieves 2004.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Thieves taking paintings from the Munch Museum, August 2004]]
On [[August 22]], [[2004]], the Munch Museum's ''Scream'' was stolen at [[gun]]point, along with Munch's ''[[Madonna (Edvard Munch)|Madonna]]''. Museum officials expressed hope that they would see the painting again, theorizing that perhaps the thieves would seek ransom money. On [[April 8]], [[2005]], Norwegian police arrested a suspect in connection with the theft<ref>{{cite news | title=Oslo police arrest Scream suspect | date=[[April 8]], [[2005]] | publisher=BBC News | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4426539.stm}}</ref>. On [[April 28]], [[2005]], it was rumoured that the two paintings had been burnt by the thieves to conceal evidence<ref>{{cite news | title=Famous Munch paintings destroyed? | date=[[April 28]], [[2005]] | publisher=Norway Post | url=http://www.norwaypost.no/content.asp?folder_id=1&cluster_id=27642}}</ref>. On [[June 1]], [[2005]], the City Government of [[Oslo]] offered a reward of 2 million [[Norwegian_krone|kroner]] (about [[USD]] $320,000) for information that could help locate the paintings. In early 2006, six men with previous criminal records were scheduled to go on trial, variously charged with either helping to plan or execute the robbery. Three of the men were convicted and sentenced to between four and eight years in prison in May of 2006. Two of the convicted art thieves, '''Björn Hoen''', 37, and '''Petter Tharaldsen''', 34, were also ordered to pay 750 million kroner (US $122 million) to the City of Oslo which is where the paintings were previously located. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4964872.stm] The Munch Museum itself was closed for 10 months for a $6 million security overhaul.
=== Recovery ===
{{wikinews|Edvard Munch's The Scream and Madonna found}}
On [[August 31]], [[2006]], Norwegian police announced that the paintings had been recovered again from a raid, and the paintings were said to be in a better-than-expected condition with only a minor scratch and two minor holes. "We are 100 percent certain they are the originals," police chief Iver Stensrud told a news conference. "The damage was much less than feared."
<ref>{{cite news | title=Munch paintings recovered | date=[[August 31]], [[2006]] | publisher=Aftenposten | url=http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article1441444.ece}}</ref>
On [[September 1]], [[2006]], [[Munch Museum]] director [[Ingebjoerg Ydstie]] said that the condition of the paintings was much better than expected and that the damages could be repaired.<ref>{{cite news | title=Munch paintings 'can be repaired' | publisher=BBC News | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5305538.stm | date=[[September 1]], [[2006]] | accessdate=2006-09-01}}</ref>
==Role in popular culture==
[[Berkas:Inflatablescream.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Robert Fishbone's inflatable ''Scream'']]
In the late twentieth century, ''The Scream'' acquired iconic status in popular culture. In 1983-1984, [[Pop Art|pop artist]] [[Andy Warhol]] made a series of silk prints of works by Munch, including ''The Scream''. The idea was to desacralize the painting by making it into a mass-reproducible object. However, as remarked above, Munch had already begun that process himself, by making a [[lithograph]] of the work for reproduction.
Characteristic of [[post-modernism|post-modern]] art is [[Erró]]'s [[irony|ironic]] and irreverent treatment of Munch's masterpiece in his acrylic paintings ''The Second Scream'' (1967) and ''Ding Dong'' (1979)<ref>{{cite web | title=Scream on the Surface | work=Munch-Museet | url=http://www.munch.museum.no/ekko/en/gr/erro.htm | accessdate = May 29 | accessyear=2005}}</ref>.
The work's reproduction on all kinds of items, from tee shirts to coffee mugs, bears witness to its iconic status as well as to its complete desacralization in the eyes of today's public. In that respect, it is comparable to other iconic works of art, such as [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ''[[Mona Lisa]]''.
[[Berkas:Simpsons_the_scream.JPG|right|thumb|200px|The Scream appears in ''[[The Simpsons]]'']]An American [[mural|muralist]], Robert Fishbone, discovered a gap in the market when in 1991 he started selling inflatable dolls of the central figure in the painting. His [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]]-based company, On The Wall Productions, has sold hundreds of thousands of them. Critics have observed that by taking the figure out of its context (the landscape), Fishbone has destroyed the unity of Munch's work, thereby neutralizing its expressive force {{citation needed}}.
As one of very few works of modern art that are instantly recognizable to a broad audience, ''The Scream'' has been used in [[advertising]], in [[cartoon]]s (including ''[[The Simpsons]]'' as well as the film [[Looney Tunes Back in Action]]), in [[anime]] (including two appearances in [[Excel Saga]] and one on [[Naruto]]), and on [[television]]. In an early episode of [[The Nanny]] Grace received an inflatable "Scream" as a Christmas gift. ''The Scream'' is depicted in a recent episode of the ''[[Fairly OddParents]]'', also. The [[hardcore punk]] band ''[[Dead Kennedys]]'' uses an altered version of the painting on a t-shirt.
The work has likewise fascinated film makers. Ghostface, the psychotic murderer in [[Wes Craven]]'s ''[[Scream (movie)|Scream]]'' horror movies, wears a [[Halloween]] mask inspired by the central figure in the painting. Child actor [[Macaulay Culkin]]'s pose in front of the mirror, in ''[[Home Alone]]'' by [[Chris Columbus]] appears to be an homage to the work. The work also serves as an item of conversation and an elaborately set-up, momentary sight-gag in the film ''[[The Pompatus of Love]]''.
It has been used in political humor; for instance during the first [[George H. W. Bush|Bush]] administration a popular poster showed the painting with the caption "President [[Dan Quayle|Quayle]]."
In August 2006, [[Masterfoods USA]], the maker of [[M&M's]] candies, began using ''The Scream'' in advertisements for its dark chocolate variety of candies and offered a reward of two million of the candies for the painting's return. Shortly after the promotion was announced, the painting was recovered. Masterfoods has announced its intention to honor the reward once the recovered painting is authenticated.<ref>{{cite press release | title = M&M's(R) Promises to Honor Two Million Dark Chocolate M&M's(R) Reward In Celebration of the Return of Munch Masterpiece 'The Scream' | publisher = [[Masterfoods USA]] | date = [[2006-08-31]] | url = http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/060831/cgth066.html?.v=44 | accessdate = 2006-08-31}}</ref>
It can also be seen in an episode of the [[BBC]] drama [[Jonathan Creek]], where it is used as a backdrop to one of Adam Klaus' magic shows.-->
== Galeri ==
<gallery>
Berkas:Skrik 1893.jpg|1893: [[pastel]] pada karton. Versi ini dianggap sebagai versi paling awal dari ''The Scream'', terlihat lukisan ini dibuat sebagai sketsa di mana Munch memetakan esensi dari komposisi lukisan.
Berkas:Munch_The_Scream_lithography.png|Saduran ''Jeritan'' oleh Munch menjadi [[litografi|litograf]] pada 1895.
Berkas:The Scream by Edvard Munch, 1893 - Nasjonalgalleriet.png|1893: [[minyak]], [[tempera]] and pastel pada karton. Versi ini dianggap yang paling terkenal, saat ini berada di [[National Gallery (Norway)|National Gallery]] di [[Oslo]], Norwegia.
Berkas:The_Scream2.jpg|Versi ini, diterapkan dengan [[tempera]] pada karton, dicuri dari Museum Munch pada 2004 dan ditemukan pada 2006. ▼Berkas:Munch The Scream lithography.png|1895. Saduran ''Jeritan'' oleh Munch menjadi [[litografi|litograf]]. Sekitar 45 cetakan dibuat dari litograf tersebut sebelum mesin cetak menggantikan batu litograf.
Berkas:The Scream Pastel.jpg|1895: pastel pada karton, terjual sekitar US$120 juta (sekitar 1,6 trilliun rupiah sesuai kurs Agustus 2017), di [[Sotheby's]], pada tahun 2012.
▲Berkas: The_Scream2The Scream2.jpg| Versi ini, diterapkan dengan1910. [[tempera]] pada karton, dicuri dari Museum Munch pada 2004 dan ditemukan pada 2006.
</gallery>
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