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Baris 1: [[~~Image~~Berkas:Hubbert-curve.png\|right\|thumb\|200px\|[[Kurva Hubbert]], digambar oleh [[M. King Hubbert]], adalah sebuah [[model matematika]] persediaan minyak di masa depan.]] '''Puncak teori Hubbert''', juga dikenal dengan '''puncak minyak''' adalah sebuah teori berpengaruh mengenai pengambilan dan penghabisan jangka-panjang dari [[minyak bumi]] konvensional (dan [[bahan bakar fosil]] lainnya).Teori ini dinamakan atas seorang [[geofisika~~\|geofisikawan~~]]wan Amerika [[M. King Hubbert]], yang menciptakan sebuah model dari persediaan yang diketahui, dan mengusulkan sebuah teori. Pada [[1956]], Hubbert mempresentasikan [http://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/1956/1956.pdf sebuah paper] pada rapat American Petroleum Institute di mana ia memperkirakan produksi minyak di [[Amerika Serikat]] akan memuncak pada 1965 dan 1970. Dan produksi minyak Amerika memang [http://www.peakoil.ie/downloads/newsletters/newsletter23_200211.pdf memuncak pada 1971], dan telah berkurang sejak saat itu. Hubbert mengusulkan bahwa penghitungan yang sama dapat diterapkan ke keadaan lainnya, seperti puncak produksi minya dunia. Beberapa perkiraan untuk puncak produksi dunia telah dibuat oleh Hubbert dan lainnya, dengan beberapa tanggal tersebut sudah lewat di masa lampau. Hal ini telah menimbulkan kritikan dari metode tersebut dan [[perkiraan]] yang dibuat dengan menggunakan metode tersebut. Baris 8: Teori puncak Hubbert merupakan subjek dari diskusi yang berkelanjutan karena efek potensial dari produksi minyak yang rendah, dan karena debat yang terlur berlanjut dari aspek [[kebijakan energi]]. == Lihat ~~juga~~pula == * [[Abiogenic petroleum origin]] * [[Krisis energi]] Baris 29: == Referensi == "Feature on United States oil production." (November, 2002) [http://www.peakoil.ie/downloads/newsletters/newsletter23_200211.pdf ASPO Newsletter #23]. Bentley, R.W. (2002). [http://www.oilcrisis.com/bentley/depletionOverview.pdf Global oil & gas depletion: an overview.] ''Energy Policy'' '''30''', ~~189–205~~189–205 Greene, D.L. & J.L. Hopson. (2003). [http://www-cta.ornl.gov/cta/Publications/ORNL_TM_2003_259.pdf Running Out of and Into Oil: Analyzing Global Depletion and Transition Through 2050] ORNL/TM-2003/259, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Octobe [http://www.mafhoum.com/press7/204E14.htm Economists Challenge Causal Link Between Oil Shocks And Recessions] (August 30, 2004). ''Middle East Economic Survey'' VOL. XLVII No 35 Hubbert, M. King. (1956) [http://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/1956/1956.pdf Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels.] Presented before the Spring Meeting of the Southern District, American Petroleum Institute, Plaza Hotel, San Antonio, Texas, March 7-8-9, 1956. Maugeri, Leonardo (2004). [http://www.condition.org/sm4602.htm Oil: Never Cry Wolf--Why the Petroleum Age Is Far from over.] ''Science'' '''304''', 1114-1115 == Bacaan lebih lanjut dan diskusi == * Michael Ruppert, [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0865715408/qid=/sr=/ref=cm_lm_asin/103-1942701-3978210?v=glance ''Crossing the Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil''], New Society Publishers, 2004, ISBN ~~0865715408~~0-86571-540-8 * M. King Hubbert, "Energy from Fossil Fuels", ''Science'', vol. 109, pp. 103-109, [[February 4]], [[1949]] * Kenneth S. Deffeyes, [http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/7121.html ''Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage''], Princeton University Press, 2003, ISBN ~~0691116253~~0-691-11625-3 * [[Colin Campbell (geologist)\|Colin J. Campbell]], [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0906522110 ''The Coming Oil Crisis''], Multi-Science Publishing Co. Ltd., 2004, ISBN ~~0906522110~~0-906522-11-0 * Richard Heinberg, [http://www.newsociety.com/bookid/3811 ''The Party's Over: Oil, War and the Fate of Industrial Societies''], New Society Publishers, 2003, ISBN ~~0865714827~~0-86571-482-7 * David Goodstein, [http://www.wwnorton.com/catalog/fall03/005857.htm ''Out of Gas: The End of the Age of Oil''], W.W. Norton & Company, 2004, ISBN ~~0393058573~~0-393-05857-3 * Stephen Leeb and Donna Leeb, [http://www.twbookmark.com/books/60/0446533173/ ''The Oil Factor: How Oil Controls the Economy and Your Financial Future''], Warner Books, 2004, ISBN ~~0446533173~~0-446-53317-3 * Amory B. Lovins, E. Kyle Datta, Odd-Even Bustnes, Jonathan G. Koomey, Nathan J. Glasgow, [http://oilendgame.org/ '' Winning the Oil Endgame: Innovation for Profits, Jobs, and Security''], Rocky Mountain Institute, 2004, ISBN ~~1881071103~~1-881071-10-3 * Jeremy Rifkin, [http://www.emagazine.com/january-february_2003/0103feat1.html ''The Hydrogen Economy: After Oil, Clean Energy From a Fuel-Cell-Driven Global Hydrogen Web''], Blackwell Publishers, 2002, ISBN ~~0745630421~~0-7456-3042-1 * Paul Roberts, [http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/catalog/titledetail.cfm?titleNumber=688199 ''The End of Oil: On the Edge of a Perilous New World''], Houghton Mifflin, 2004, ISBN ~~0618239774~~0-618-23977-4 * Paul Roberts, Last Stop Gas, ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'', August 2004, pp. 71-72 * Documentary film [http://www.endofsuburbia.com/ ''The End of Suburbia''] * [http://www.gasresources.net/DisposalBioClaims.htm Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural Petroleum.] * Howard James Kunstler ''The Long Emergency: Surviving the Converging Catastrophes of the Twenty-First Century'', Atlantic Monthly Press, 2005, ISBN ~~0871138883~~0-87113-888-3 * Matthew R. Simmons, [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=047173876X ''Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy''], Wiley, 2005, ISBN ~~047173876X~~0-471-73876-X '''Film''' Baris 63: * [http://www.energybulletin.net/news.php Energy Bulletin] - Peak oil related news stories * [http://peakoil.com/gate.html?name=Forums Peak oil forum] * [http://www.webcasting.com/houston/ Dwindling Supply vs. Abundant Oil: A Timely Debate - General Session of the Society of Petroleum Engineers 2004] * [http://www.geocites.com/regaining_humanity The Bioregional Revolution] - Peak oil organization promoting bioregionalism * [http://www.bnp.org.uk/peakoil/index.htm New Peak Oil Website] - online videos, articles and statistics. Baris 120: * [http://www.energybulletin.net/5080.html Rep. Prof. Roscoe Bartlett's hour long Peak Oil presentation to (an empty) U.S. House of Representatives] * [http://www.thesharpener.net/?p=41 An Introduction to Peak Oil by Jim Bliss] * [http://www.thewatt.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=99&mode=nested&order=0&thold=0 Oil: Burnt Out?] theWatt.com article '''Artikel''' Baris 161: * [http://www.gasresources.net/Lynch(Hubbert-Deffeyes).htm The New Pessimism about Petroleum Resources: Debunking the Hubbert Model (and Hubbert Modelers)] * [http://worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=41613 The end of the age of oil?] * [http://www.arabnews.com/?page=6&section=0&article=44011&d=29&m=4&y=2004 Known Saudi Arabian Oil Reserves Tripled] * [http://www.energybulletin.net/3555.html Peak production in the news again] * [http://www.iea.org/Textbase/press/pressdetail.asp?PRESS_REL_ID=137 International Energy Agency press release] * [http://www.worldoil.com/Magazine/MAGAZINE_DETAIL.asp?ART_ID=2378&MONTH_YEAR=Aug-2004 Oil shale back in the picture] * [http://www.gasresources.net/DisposalBioClaims.htm Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural Petroleum.]

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