Terorisme negara: Perbedaan antara revisi

Such death squads often unpredictably attack the socially disadvantaged ("undesirables"), religious or ethnic minorities, or citizens deemed to be subversive. Their targets typically include the [[homeless]], [[street child]]ren, [[trade union|union]] leaders, [[indigenous people]]s, [[clergy]], [[activist]]s, [[journalist]]s, and [[academic]]s. Death squads conveniently shield their sponsors from liability, the illusion of spontaneous criminal violence providing plausible [[deniability]]. Often, the bodies of victims are secretly disposed, typically in [[mass grave]]s, leaving no evidence of a crime and increasing the [[trauma]] to families and communities. These cases are known as "[[forced disappearance]]s", and take place particularly in [[South America]]. The ''UN Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances'' was formed in [[1980]] to investigate the global phenomenon of unexplained disappearances.

''See also: [[Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia]]''-->

"[[Perang Kotor]]" di [[Argentina]] pada tahun [[1970-an]] adalah contoh klasik tentang penggunaan taktik-taktik teror oleh negara terhadap rakyatnya sendiri. Pada [[1976]], [[militer Argentina]] menggulingkan pemerintahan [[Isabel Peron]] dan melakukan kampanye terhadap semua orang yang dicap [[subversif]], yang dianggap membentuk basis sosial untuk [[pemberontakan]] kiri dengan kekerasan.

 

Pembunuhan atas anggota-anggota [[Partai Komunis Indonesia]] (PKI), yang termasuk salah satu partai berkuasa, dari [[1965]] - [[1969]] diduga telah menghilangkan nyawa satu juta orang dan digambarkan sebagai "pogrom anti-komunis". Jumlah korban yang resmi sekurang-kurangnya adalah 500.000 orang.

 

Selain itu pada [[1998]] sejumlah 24 aktivis diculik dan hilang (sebagian telah kembali), antara lain [[Pius Lustrilanang]], [[Widji Thukul]], [[Desmon J. Mahesa]], [[Haryanto Taslam]], dll. yang kesemuanya diduga dilakukan sebagai bagian dari terorisme negara untuk menindas perlawanan rakyat terhadap rezim yang berkuasa saat itu.

 

[[Irak]] pada masa pemerintahan [[Saddam Hussein]] ([[1979]] - [[2003]]), dianggap terlibat banyak serangan [[senjata kimia]] terhadap penduduknya sendiri, untuk menggagalkan aksi-aksi yang mengarah kepada [[revolusi]], dan menenangkan kelompok-kelompok [[etnik|etnis]]. Irak juga melakukan serangan gas kimia terhadap [[Iran]] selama [[Perang Iran-Irak]]. Kejadian yang paling dikenal adalah [[Serangan gas racun Halabja]] pada [[Maret 1988|Maret]] [[1988]] yang menewaskan 5,000 orang.

 

{{see also|Operasi Murka Tuhan|Intifadhah al-Aqsha}}

[[Israel]] terlibat dalam operasi militer dan taktik-taktik yang kontroversial. Menurut mantan [[Menteri Pendidikan Israel]] Shulamit Aloni, "teror yang digunakan Israel di wilayah [[Palestina]] lebih buruk dari terorisme Palestina." <ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3119885,00.html Israeli terror is worse] by Roee Nahmias for [[The Arab-Israeli]] [[29 July]] [[2005]].</ref> [[Perdana Menteri Turki|Perdana Menteri]] [[Turki]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] dan pendiri [[CNN]] [[Ted Turner]] juga menunjuk tindakan-tindakan Israel sebagai terorisme negara.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3772609.stm Turkey slams 'Israeli terrorism'] [[BBC]] [[3 June]], [[2004]]</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,2763,739466,00.html CNN chief accuses Israel of terror] by Oliver Burkeman in New York and Peter Beaumont in Jerusalem [[June 18]], [[2002]] for [[The Guardian]]</ref> Contoh tindakan-tindakan Israel yang dikritik melanggar [[hak asasi manusia]] antara lain, serangan-serangan ke teritori Palestina, pelecehan dan penggunaan rakyat sipil Palestina sebagai [[tameng manusia]], operasi-operasi [[pembunuhan]] yang dilakukan Israel dan [[Mossad]], serta operasi pembunuhan tokoh Arab yang menimbulkan korban sipil besar. Misalnya, upaya pembunuhan [[Yasser Arafat]] pada 1982 menewaskan 200 orang di [[Beirut]], dan upaya lain menewaskan 73 orang di [[Tunis]]. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4007159.stm Arafat: End of a charmed life] BBC [[12 November]], [[2004]]</ref>.

 

Selama [[Perang Dunia II]], [[Satuan 516]] dari Tentara [[Kekaisaran Jepang]] menggunakan [[senjata biologis]] terhadap rakyat sipil [[Tiongkok]] dan [[Manchuria]]. Hal ini menewaskan ribuan warga sipil.

 

{{see also|Holocaust}}

Selama masa [[Republik Weimar]] di [[1920an]] dan awal [[1930an]], organisasi [[paramiliter]] [[Partai Nazi]] ''[[Sturmabteilung]]'' (SA) meneror lawan-lawan politiknya. Pada masa kekuasaan [[Adolf Hitler]] ([[1933]]-[[1945]]), ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS) merupakan organisasi utama dalam menciptakan keadaan teror. SS dan ''[[Gestapo]]'' bertanggung jawab terhadap kezaliman terhadap berbagai [[ras]], termasuk [[bangsa Yahudi]]. SS juga melakukan kekejaman di [[kamp konsentrasi|kamp-kamp konsentrasi]], kejahatan dalam [[pendudukan]], program [[perbudakan]] serta pembunuhan terhadap [[tawanan perang]].

In [[1985]], the [[Greenpeace]] ship, [[Rainbow Warrior]], had travelled to [[New Zealand]] to lead a flotilla of [[yacht]]s protesting against [[France|French]] [[nuclear test]]ing at [[Mururoa Atoll]] in the [[Tuamotu Archipelago]] of [[French Polynesia]]. The ship was sunk just before midnight on [[July 10]] [[1985]] by two explosive devices attached to the hull by operatives of [[France|French]] intelligence ([[Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure|DGSE]]). Of the twelve people on board, one, [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[photographer]] Fernando Pereira, was killed by the second device when he attempted to retrieve his equipment. Two of the French agents were caught and jailed, but were returned to France soon after. It is the only terrorist act committed in [[History of New Zealand|New Zealand's modern history]].

 

 

Numerous actions of the French government and military forces during the [[Algerian War of Independence]] in the late 1950s, when Algeria fought France, of which it was then a dependency, for independence, have been alleged as human rights violations. The Algerian war is considered by many to be a significant "black eye" in French history. Some hold that the [[Indochina War]] (1949-1954) has similar implications.

A number of people question actions of the [[United States|United States of America]] as ''terrorism''. For instance, the U.S. has provided support to various foreign countries, notably supporting [[Israel]] among other [[Middle East]] countries. Also the U.S. has been accused of working with and supporting countries, political organizations, and [[junta]]s with questionable human rights practices and intentions. Also, the United States armed and funded the [[Contras]] over a period of several years, whose activities included some actions the [[U.S. State Department]] called "terrorist activities" ([[Sandanista]] ([[Iran-Contra]] affair). (Notably, the same claims were made about their Sandinista opponents.) An alleged example of a ''terrorist'' action conducted directly by the United States government is the CIA's disruption of shipping by planting underwater mines in Nicaragua's [[Corinto]] harbour, which resulted in the sinking of at least one civilian ship ([[CIA]]; [[Sandanista]]). -->

 

* [[Terorisme]]

* [[Terorisme yang disponsori negara]]

*Sluka, Jeffrey A. (Ed.) (2000). ''Death Squad: The Anthropology of State Terror''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1711-X.

*Chomsky, Noam and Herman, Edward S. (1979). ''The Political Economy of Human Rights - Volume I''. Boston: South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-090-0

 

== Catatan kaki ==

*{{en}} Chomsky, Noam. ''The Culture of Terrorism''

*{{en}} Chomsky, Noam. ''9/11''

 

[[Kategori:Penindasan politik]]