Jan III Sobieski: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 3:
| image = Schultz John III Sobieski.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| succession = [[Daftar Raja Polandia|Raja Polandia]]<br />[[Daftar penguasa Lituania|Adipati Agung Lituania]]
| caption = Potret Jan III, karya [[Daniel Schultz]]
| reign = 19 Mei 1674 – 17 Juni 1696
Baris 24:
}}
'''Jan III Sobieski''' atau '''Yohanes III Sobieski''' ({{lang-
Kecakapan militer Sobieski, yang
== Gelar kebangsawanan ==
Baris 32:
* Gelar resmi {{pl icon}}: ''Jan III, z łaski bożej, król Polski, wielki książę litewski, ruski, pruski, mazowiecki, żmudzki, kijowski, wołyński, podlaski i czernichowski, etc. ''
* Terjemahan bahasa Indonesia: ''Yohanes III, [[atas berkat rahmat Allah]] Raja [[Polandia]], [[Adipati Agung]] [[Lituania]], [[Rutenia]], [[Prusy Królewskie|Prusia]], [[Masovia]], [[Samogitia]], [[Livonia]], [[Smolensk]], [[Kiev]], [[Volhynia]], [[Podlasie]], [[Siveria]] dan [[Chernihiv]], dst.''
== Riwayat hidup ==
=== Masa muda ===
[[File:OleskoZamokcourtyard.jpg|thumb|[[Puri Olesko]], tempat lahir Yohanes Sobieski]]
Yohanes Sobieski lahir pada 17 Agustus 1629, di [[Olesko]], sebuah kota kecil dekat [[Lviv|Lwów]] di [[Galisia (Eropa Tengah)|Galisia]] (di Ukraina sekarang) yang kala itu berada di lingkungan [[Voivodat Rutenia]], wilayah [[Mahkota Kerajaan Polandia]], [[Persemakmuran Polandia-Lituania]]. Ia terlahir sebagai putra keluarga [[szlachta|bangsawan terkemuka]], [[Wangsa Sobieski|de Sobieszyn Sobieski]] berlambang [[Lambang Janina|Janina]].<ref name="skalmowski">{{cite book |author1=Wojciech Skalmowski |author2=Tatjana Soldatjenkova |author3=Emmanuel Waegemans |title=Liber amicorum|year=2003|page=165|pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |publisher=Peeters Publishers|location= |isbn=90-429-1298-7|url=|accessdate=}}</ref><ref name=psb413>Red. (Ed.), ''Jan III Sobieski'', hlm.413</ref> Ayahnya, [[Jakub Sobieski]], adalah Voivoda [[Voivodat Rutenia|Rutenia]] merangkap [[Kastelan]] (kepala puri) [[Kraków]]; ibunya, [[Teofila Zofia Sobieska|Zofia Teofillia Daniłowicz]] adalah cucu dari [[Hetman]] [[Stanisław Żółkiewski]].<ref name=psb413/> Yohanes Sobieski melewatkan masa kanak-kanaknya di [[Zhovkva|Żółkiew]].<ref name=psb413/> Setelah lulus dari Kolese Nowodworski, Kraków, pada 1643, Yohanes Sobieski remaja melanjutkan pendidikannya ke Fakultas Filsafat [[Universitas Jagiellonian|Universitas Jagielloński]] hingga diwisuda pada 1646.<ref name=psb413/><ref>{{cite book |author=J.B. Morton|title=Sobieski, King of Poland|year=|pages=30–31 |publisher=|location= |isbn=|url=|accessdate=}}</ref> Setelah tamat belajar, Yohanes bersama abangnya, [[Marek Sobieski (1628–1652)|Marek Sobieski]], melakukan perjalanan keliling Eropa Barat selama lebih dari dua tahun.<ref name=psb413/><ref>{{Harvnb|Tindal Palmer|1815|p=5}}</ref> Mereka berkunjung ke [[Leipzig]], [[Antwerpen]], [[Paris]], [[London]], [[Leiden]], dan [[Den Haag]].<ref name=psb413/> Selama perjalanan keliling, ia berjumpa dengan tokoh-tokoh besar di masa itu, seperti [[Louis II de Bourbon]], [[Charles II dari Inggris]], dan [[Willem II, Pangeran Oranje]], serta mempelajari [[bahasa Perancis]], [[bahasa Jerman|Jerman]], dan [[bahasa Italia|Italia]], selain [[bahasa Latin]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Daniel Stone|title=The Polish–Lithuanian state, 1386–1795|year=2001|page=236 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=0-295-98093-1}}</ref> <!--
Kedua adik-beradik itu pulang ke Persemakmuran Polandia-Lituania pada 1648. Begitu menerima kabar kemangkatan Raja [[Władysław IV Vasa]] dan meletusnya [[Pemberontakan Khmelnytsky]], mereka pun segera mengajukan diri menjadi prajurit.<ref name=psb413/><ref>{{Harvnb|Tindal Palmer|1815|p=7}}</ref> Keduanya ikut bertempur dalam peristiwa [[Truce of Zamość|pengepungan Zamość]].<ref name=psb413/> They founded and commanded their own [[Chorągiew (military unit)|banner]]s (''chorągiew'') of [[Polish cavalry|cavalry]] (one light, "[[cossack]]", and one heavy, of [[Polish hussars]]).<ref name=psb413/> Soon, the fortunes of war separated the brothers. In 1649, Jakub fought in the [[Battle of Zboriv (1649)|Battle of Zboriv]].<ref name=psb413/> In 1652, [[Batih massacre|Marek died in Tatar captivity]] after his capture at the [[Battle of Batih]].<ref name=psb413/><ref>{{Harvnb|Tindal Palmer|1815|pp=12–13}}</ref> John was promoted to the rank of [[pułkownik]] and fought with distinction in the [[Battle of Berestechko]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Tindal Palmer|1815|p=20}}</ref> A promising commander, John was sent by King [[John II Casimir]] to [[Constantinople]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]] as one of the envoys in a diplomatic mission of Mikołaj Bieganowski.<ref name=psb413/><ref name="millar">{{cite book |author1=Simon Millar |author2=Peter Dennis |title=Vienna 1683: Christian Europe Repels the Ottomans|year=2008|page=17 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=1-84603-231-8}}</ref> There, Sobieski learned the [[Tatar language]] and the [[Turkish language]] and studied Turkish military traditions and tactics.<ref name=psb413/><ref name="millar" /> It is likely he participated as part of the briefly allied Polish-Tatar forces in the 1655 [[Battle of Okhmativ (1655)|Battle of Okhmativ]].<ref name=psb413/>
After the start of the [[Swedish invasion of Poland]] known as "[[The Deluge (Polish history)|The Deluge]]", John Sobieski was among the [[Greater Poland|Greater Polish]] regiments led by [[Krzysztof Opaliński]], [[Poznań Voivodship|Palatine of Poznań]] which capitulated at [[Ujście]], and swore allegiance to King [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden]].<ref name=psb413/><ref name="millar" /> However, around late March 1656, he abandoned their side, returning to the side of Polish king [[John II Casimir Vasa]], enlisting under the command of [[hetman]]s [[Stefan Czarniecki]] and [[Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski]].<ref name=psb413/>
===Commander===
[[File:Jan Tricius - Portrait of John III Sobieski (ca. 1680) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Portrait of John III by Jan Tricius]]
By 26 May 1656 he received the position of the ''[[chorąży|chorąży koronny]]'' (Standard-bearer of the Crown).<ref name=psb414>Red. (Eds.), ''Jan III Sobieski'', p.414</ref> During the [[Battle of Warsaw (1656)|three-day-long battle of Warsaw]] of 1656, Sobieski commanded a 2,000-man strong regiment of [[Crimean Khanate|Tatar]] cavalry.<ref name=psb414/><ref>{{Harvnb|Tindal Palmer|1815|pp=23–24}}</ref> He took part in a number of engagements over the next two years, including in the [[Siege of Toruń (1658)|Siege of Toruń]] in 1658.<ref name=psb414/> In 1659 he was elected a deputy to the [[Sejm]] (Polish parliament), and was one of the Polish negotiators in the [[Treaty of Hadiach]] with the Cossacks.<ref name=psb414/> In 1660 he took part in the last offensive against the Swedes in Prussia, and received royal rewards in the form of the [[starost]] of [[Stryi|Stryj]] office.<ref name=psb414/> Soon afterward he took part in the war against the Russians, participating in the [[Battle of Slobodyshche]] and [[Battle of Lyubar]], and later that year he again was one of the negotiators of a new treaty with the Cossacks (the [[Treaty of Cudnów]]).<ref name=psb414/>
Through personal connections, he became a strong supporter of the French faction in the Polish royal court, represented by Queen [[Marie Louise Gonzaga]]. His pro-French allegiance would be reinforced in 1665, when he married [[Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien]] and was promoted to the rank of Grand [[marszałek|Marshal]] of the Crown and, the following year, to the rank of Field [[Hetman]] of the Crown.<ref name="skalmowski" />
In 1662 he was again elected a deputy to the Sejm, and took part in the work on reforming the military. He was also a member of the Sejm in 1664 and 1665.<ref name=psb414/> In between he participated in the Russian campaign of 1663.<ref name=psb414/> Sobieski remained loyal to the King during the [[Lubomirski Rebellion]] of 1665–66, though it was a difficult decision for him.<ref name=psb414/><ref name=psb415>Red. (Eds.), ''Jan III Sobieski'', p.415</ref> He participated in the Sejm of 1665, and after some delays, accepted the prestigious office of the [[Marshal of the Crown]] on 18 May that year.<ref name=psb415/> Around late April or early May 1666 he received another high office of the Commonwealth, that of the [[Field Crown Hetman]].<ref name=psb415/> Soon afterward, he was defeated at the [[Battle of Mątwy]], and signed the [[Agreement of Łęgonice]] on the 21 July, which ended the Lubomirski Rebellion.<ref name=psb415/>
[[File:Stech Kessel Bitwa pod Chocimiem.jpg|thumb|John III Sobieski, the victor of the [[Battle of Khotyn (1673)|Battle of Khotyn]]]]
In October 1667 he achieved another victory over the Cossacks of [[Petro Doroshenko]] and their Crimean Tatar allies in the [[Battle of Podhajce (1667)|Battle of Podhajce]] during the [[Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–71)]].<ref name="millar" /> This allowed him to regain his image as a skilled military leader.<ref name=psb415/> Later that year, in November, his first child, [[James Louis Sobieski]] was born in Paris.<ref name=psb415/> On 5 February 1668 he achieved the rank of Grand Hetman of the Crown, the highest military rank in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and thereby the ''de facto'' [[commander-in-chief]] of the entire [[Polish Army]].<ref name="millar" /> Later that year he supported the French candidacy of [[Louis, Grand Condé]] for the Polish throne, and after this candidacy fell apart, [[Philip William, Elector Palatine]].<ref name=psb415/> Following the election of [[Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki]] he joined the opposition faction; he and his allies helped [[liberum veto|veto]] several sejms (including the coronation ones), and his attitude once again resulted in him losing popularity among the regular szlachta.<ref name=psb415/> While his pro-French stance in politics alienated some, his military victories against invading Tatars in 1671 helped him gain other allies.<ref name=psb415/> The year 1672 saw internal politics destabilizing the Commonwealth, as the pro-French faction of Sobieski and pro-court faction of king Wiśniowiecki formed two [[konfederacja|confederations]], which despite [[Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76)|the large Ottoman incursions]] in the south seemed more concerned with one another than with uniting to defend the country.<ref name=psb416>Red. (Eds.), ''Jan III Sobieski'', p.416</ref> The court faction called openly for confiscation of his estates and dismissal from office, and declared him an "enemy of the state".<ref name=psb416/> This culminated in the humiliating to the Commonwealth [[Treaty of Buchach]], where the Commonwealth was forced to cede territories to the Ottomans, but promise an annual tribute.<ref name="Magill2013-726">{{cite book|author=Frank N. Magill|title=The 17th and 18th Centuries: Dictionary of World Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaHdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA727|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-92414-0|page=726}}</ref> Sobieski eventually succeeded in balancing politics and national defense, and a combination of his military victories over the invaders, and successful negotiations at the Sejm in April 1673, led to a compromise in which the court faction dropped its demands and challenges against him.<ref name=psb416/>
On 11 November 1673 Sobieski added a major victory to his list, this time defeating the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in the [[Battle of Khotyn (1673)|Battle of Khotyn]] and capturing the [[Chocim|fortress]] located there.<ref name="millar" /> The news of the battle coincided with the news of the death of [[Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki|Michael I, King of Poland]], who had died the day before the battle.<ref name="millar" /> This made Sobieski one of the leading figures of the state, so on 19 May the following year, he was elected monarch of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Commonwealth]].<ref name="skalmowski" /> His candidacy was almost universally supported, with only a dozen or so members of the diet opposing him (mainly centered around the Lithuanian magnate [[Pac family]]).<ref name=psb416/> In light of the war, requiring Sobieski to be on the front lines, the coronation ceremony was significantly delayed – John Sobieski was crowned John III almost two years later, on 2 February 1676.<ref name="skalmowski" /><ref name=psb416/>
===King of Poland===
[[File:PL Koronacja Jana Sobieskiego.JPG|thumb|Sobieski's coronation (1676), relief, [[Wilanów Palace]]]]
Though Poland-Lithuania was at that time the largest and one of the most populous states of Europe,<ref name="Lupovitch2009">{{cite book|author=Howard N. Lupovitch|title=Jews and Judaism in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7uLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120|date=16 December 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-18965-5|page=120}}</ref> Sobieski became a king of a country devastated by almost half a century of constant war.<ref name="Cummins">{{cite book|author=Joseph Cummins|title=The War Chronicles: From Chariots to Flintlocks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A50WWPlO-7wC&pg=PA323|publisher=Fair Winds|isbn=978-1-61673-403-9|page=323}}</ref> The treasury was almost empty and the court had little to offer the powerful [[magnate]]s, who often allied themselves with foreign courts rather than the state.<ref name="Carsten1961">{{cite book|author=F. L. Carsten|title=The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 5, The Ascendancy of France, 1648–88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA564|date=1 January 1961|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-04544-5|page=564}}</ref><ref name="Magill2013-727">{{cite book|author=Frank N. Magill|title=The 17th and 18th Centuries: Dictionary of World Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaHdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA727|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-92414-0|page=727}}</ref>
Sobieski had a number of long term plans, including establishing his own dynasty in the Commonwealth, regaining lost territories, and strengthening the country through various reforms.<ref name="Magill2013-727"/><ref name="Penson538"/> One of his ambitions was to unify Christian Europe in a crusade to drive the Turks out of Europe.<ref name="Penson538">{{cite book|author1=Oskar Halecki |author2=W: F. Reddaway |author3=J. H. Penson |title=The Cambridge History of Poland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N883AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA542|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-1-00-128802-4|page=538}}</ref> At the beginning of his reign, however, the Polish state was in dire fiscal straights and faced military threats to the north. The French King, Louis XIV, promised to mediate a ceasefire between the Ottomans and Poland so that Sobieski could focus his attentions on Prussia. The negotiations ended in failure and his Baltic goals had to be tempered by the immediate reality of the Ottoman threat to the south.<ref name="Magill2013-726"/><ref name="Magill2013-727"/><ref name="pasek" />
In the autumn of 1674, he recommenced the war against the Ottomans and managed to recapture a number of cities and fortresses including [[Bratslav]], [[Mogilev]], and [[Bar, Ukraine|Bar]], which re-established a strongly fortified line defending Poland's southern border in Ukraine.<ref name=psb416/> In 1675, Sobieski defeated the Turks and Tatar offensive aiming at [[Lviv]].<ref name=psb416/><ref name="Penson542"/> In 1676, the [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]] began a counter-offensive and crossed the [[Dneper]], but could not retake the strategic town of [[Zhuravno|Żórawno]], and a peace treaty (the [[Treaty of Żurawno]]) was signed soon afterwards.<ref name=psb416/> Although Kamieniec Podolski and much of Podolia remained a part of the Ottoman Empire, Poland counteracted its significance with the return of the towns of [[Bila Tserkva]] and [[Pavoloch]].<ref name=psb416/>
The signing of the treaty with the Ottomans began a period of peace that was much needed for the repair of the country and strengthening of the royal authority. Sobieski managed to completely reform the Polish army.<ref name="pasek" /> The military was reorganised into regiments, the infantry finally dropped [[pike (weapon)|pike]]s, replacing them with [[battle-axe]]s, and the [[Polish cavalry]] adopted [[hussar]]s and [[dragoon]]s formations.<ref name="nagielski">{{cite book |author=Mirosław Nagielski|title=Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów|year=1995|page=227|pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |publisher=Bellona|location= |isbn=83-11-08275-8|url=|accessdate=|language=pl}}</ref> Sobieski also greatly increased the number of guns and introduced new artillery tactics.<ref name="nagielski" />
[[File:Bacciarelli Relief of Vienna.jpg|thumb|''Relief of Vienna'' by [[Bacciarelli]]]]
Sobieski also planned to conquer [[Duchy of Prussia|Prussia]] with [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] troops and French support.<ref name="pasek">{{cite book |author=Wiktor Waintraub|title=Memoirs of the Polish Baroque: the writings of Jan Chryzostom Pasek, a squire of the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania|year=1976|page=308|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=University of California Press|location= |isbn=0-520-02752-3|url=|accessdate=}}</ref> Regaining control of this autonomous province was in the Commonwealth's best interest, and Sobieski also hoped for it to become part of his family domain.<ref name="Magill2013-727"/> This secret pact of 1675 (known as the [[Treaty of Jaworów]]), failed to bring a change in the status quo for a number of reasons. The wars with the Ottoman Empire were not decisively solved in the Commonwealth's favor, during which time the Great Elector (of Brandenburg) made [[Treaty of Nijmegen|treaties with France]], the [[Wars and battles involving Prussia#Swedish-Brandenburg War .281674.E2.80.931679.29|Swedes were repelled during their invasion]], and plans for the Commonwealth's own military campaign against Prussia ran into opposition from the Commonwealth's magnates, many of them taking the Great Elector's side.<ref name=psb416/><ref name="Magill2013-727"/><ref name="Penson542">{{cite book|author1=Oskar Halecki |author2=W: F. Reddaway |author3=J. H. Penson |title=The Cambridge History of Poland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N883AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA542|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-1-00-128802-4|page=542}}</ref><ref name=psb417>Red. (Eds.), ''Jan III Sobieski'', p.417</ref><ref name="Penson543-544"/> Backed by [[Electorate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]] and Austrian [[Habsburg Monarchy]], internal enemies of Sobieski even planned to dethrone him and elect [[Charles V, Duke of Lorraine|Charles of Lorraine]].<ref name=psb417/>
The French-Prussian treaty of 1678 meant that Sobieski's plans for a campaign against Prussia lost their major foreign ally; consequently Sobieski started to distance himself from the pro-French faction, which in turn resulted in the cooling down of the Polish-French relations; the Sejm of 1683 which saw French ambassador expelled for involvement with a plan to dethrone Sobieski definitely marked the end of the Polish-French alliance.<ref name=psb417/> At the same time he made peace with the pro-Habsburg faction, and started to gravitate more towards an alliance with Austria.<ref name=psb417/><ref name="Penson543-544">{{cite book|author1=Oskar Halecki |author2=W: F. Reddaway |author3=J. H. Penson |title=The Cambridge History of Poland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N883AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-1-00-128802-4|pages=543–544}}</ref> This did not end the existence of strong internal opposition to Sobieski; however, it changed a number of allegiances, and further opposition was temporarily weakened through the king's successful political maneuvering, including granting the Grand Hetman office to one of the opposition's chief leaders, [[Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski]].<ref name=psb417/><ref name="Penson541">{{cite book|author1=Oskar Halecki |author2=W: F. Reddaway |author3=J. H. Penson |title=The Cambridge History of Poland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N883AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA541|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-1-00-128802-4|page=541}}</ref>
Conscious that Poland lacked allies and risked war against most of its neighbours (a situation similar to the Deluge), by 1683 Sobieski allied himself with [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]], of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref name=psb417/> Both sides promised to come to one's another aid if their capitals were threatened.<ref name="Magill2013-727"/> The alliance was signed by royal representatives on 31 March 1683, and ratified by the Emperor and Polish parliament within weeks.<ref name="Setton1991">{{cite book|author=Kenneth Meyer Setton|title=Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XN51y209fR8C&pg=PA269|year=1991|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-192-7|pages=266–269}}</ref> Although aimed directly against the Ottomans and indirectly against France, it had the advantage of gaining internal support for the defense of Poland's southern borders.<ref name=psb417/> This was a beginning of what would become the [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League]], championed by [[Pope Innocent XI]] to preserve Christendom.<ref name="Penson544-545">{{cite book|author1=Oskar Halecki |author2=W: F. Reddaway |author3=J. H. Penson |title=The Cambridge History of Poland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N883AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA543|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-1-00-128802-4|pages=544–545}}</ref>
Meantime, in the spring of 1683, royal spies uncovered Turkish preparations for a military campaign. Sobieski feared that the target might be the Polish cities of [[Lwów]] and [[Kraków]].<ref name="millar" /> To counteract the threat, Sobieski began the fortification of the cities and ordered universal military conscription.<ref name="millar" /> In July, the Austrian envoy asked for Polish assistance.<ref name="Penson547548"/> Soon afterward, the Polish army started massing for an expedition against the Ottomans, and in August was joined by Bavarians and Saxon allies under [[Charles V, Duke of Lorraine|Charles of Lorraine]].<ref name="Setton1991"/><ref name="Penson547548"/>
===Battle of Vienna===
{{Main article|Battle of Vienna}}
[[File:Siemiginowski Sobieski at the Battle of Vienna.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Victorious John III Sobieski at the [[Battle of Vienna]] in 1683, equestrian portrait by [[Jerzy Siemiginowski-Eleuter]]]]
Sobieski's greatest success came in 1683, with his victory at the [[Battle of Vienna]], in joint command of Polish and German troops, against the invading Ottoman Turks under [[Kara Mustafa]].<ref name=psb417/><ref name="Penson547548"/>
Upon reaching Vienna, with the Ottoman army close to breaching the walls, Sobieski ordered a full attack on 12 September. On early morning of that day, the united army of about 65,000<ref name="Varvounis2012"/>–76,000<ref name="Penson547548">{{cite book|author1=Oskar Halecki |author2=W: F. Reddaway |author3=J. H. Penson |title=The Cambridge History of Poland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N883AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA547|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-1-00-128802-4|pages=547–548}}</ref> men (including 22,000,<ref name="Varvounis2012">{{cite book|author=Miltiades Varvounis|title=JAN SOBIESKI|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVhOAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT189|year=2012|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4628-8082-9|page=189}}</ref>-27,000 Poles<ref name=psb417/>) attacked a Turkish force of about 300,000<ref name="Varvounis2012"/>–350,000<ref name="Penson547548"/> men. At about 5 pm, after observing the infantry battle from the [[Kahlenberg]] hilltop, Sobieski led the Polish [[husaria]] cavalry along with Austrians and Germans in a massive charge down the hillside. Soon, the Ottoman battle line was broken and the Ottoman forces scattered in disarray.<ref name="Varvounis2012-2">{{cite book|author=Miltiades Varvounis|title=JAN SOBIESKI|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVhOAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT195|year=2012|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4628-8082-9|page=195}}</ref> At 5:30 pm, Sobieski entered the deserted tent of Kara Mustafa and the Battle of Vienna ended.<ref name="Setton1991"/><ref name="Penson547548"/>
The Pope and other foreign dignitaries hailed Sobieski as the "Savior of Vienna and Western European civilization."<ref>{{cite book |author=World Book, Inc|title=The World Book Encyclopedia|year=2007|page=132|pages= |chapter=Volume 1 |chapterurl= |publisher=Bellona|location= |isbn=0-7166-0107-9|url=|accessdate=}}</ref> In a letter to his wife, he wrote, "All the common people kissed my hands, my feet, my clothes; others only touched me, saying: 'Ah, let us kiss so valiant a hand!'"<ref>{{cite book |title= Great Men and Women of Poland |last= Mizwa |first= Stephen Paul |year= 1942 |publisher= Macmillan |location= New York |page= 103}}</ref>
[[File:King John III Sobieski Sobieski sending Message of Victory to the Pope, after the Battle of Vienna 111.PNG|thumb|250px|''Sobieski sending message of victory to the Pope after the [[Battle of Vienna]]'', by [[Jan Matejko]], 1880, [[National Museum, Kraków]]]]
The war with the Ottomans was not yet over, and Sobieski continued the campaign with the [[Battle of Párkány]] on 7–9 October.<ref name=psb418>Red. (Eds.), ''Jan III Sobieski'', p.418</ref> After early victories, the Polish found themselves a junior partner in the Holy League, gaining no lasting territorial or political rewards.<ref name=psb418/> The prolonged and indecisive war also weakened Sobieski's position at home.<ref name=psb418/> For the next four years Poland would blockade the key fortress at [[Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamenets]], and Ottoman [[Tatars]] would raid the borderlands. In 1691, Sobieski undertook another expedition to [[Moldavia|Moldovia]], with slightly better results, but still with no decisive victories.<ref name=psb418/>
===Later years and death===
Although the King spent much time on the battlefields, which could suggest a good state of health, towards the end of his life he became seriously and increasingly ill.<ref name=psb419>Red. (Eds.), ''Jan III Sobieski'', p.419</ref>
King John III Sobieski died in [[Wilanów]], [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Poland]] on 17 June 1696 from a sudden heart attack.<ref name=psb419/> His wife, [[Marie Casimire Louise]], died in 1716 in [[Blois]], France, and her body was returned to Poland. They are interred together in [[Wawel Cathedral]], [[Kraków]], Poland.<ref>http://www.rmf24.pl/tylko-w-rmf24/wiadomosci/news-kto-przewiozl-trumne-marysienki-sobieskiej-do-polski,nId,1051406</ref> He was succeeded by [[Augustus II of Poland|Augustus II]].<ref name="Penson">{{cite book|author1=Oskar Halecki |author2=W: F. Reddaway |author3=J. H. Penson |title=The Cambridge History of Poland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N883AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA547|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-1-00-128802-4|page=547}}</ref>
==Legacy and significance==
[[File:Sobieski Crown.PNG|thumb|upright|Portrayal of Sobieski's royal crown, [[Gdańsk]]]]
Sobieski is remembered in Poland as a "hero king", victor at Vienna who defeated the Ottoman threat, an image that became particularly well recognized after his story was told in many works of 19th century literature.<ref name=psb420>Red. (Eds.), ''Jan III Sobieski'', p.420</ref> In the [[Polish Biographical Dictionary]] he is described as "an individual above his contemporaries, but still one of them"; an oligarch and a magnate, interested in personal wealth and power.<ref name=psb420/> His ambitions for the most part were instilled in him by his beloved wife, whom he undoubtedly loved more than any throne (when being forced to divorce her and marry the former Queen as a condition to gain the throne, he immediately refused the throne) and tended to obey, at times blindly.<ref>{{cite book|last1=de Battaglia|first1=O.Forst|title=The Cambridge History of Poland|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781001288024|page=539|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N883AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA539}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Drohojowska|first1=Countess Antoinette Joséphine Françoise Anne|last2=Salvandy|first2=Achille (Count.)|title=Love of Country, or Sobieski and Hedwig. Compiled and translated from the French (of N. A. de Salvandy, the Countess Drohojowska, etc.) by Trauermantel|date=1856|publisher=Crosby, Nichols, and company|pages=87–88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5BaAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA87}}</ref>
He failed to reform the ailing Commonwealth, and to secure the throne for his heir.<ref name=psb420/> At the same time, he displayed high military prowess, he was well educated and literate, and a patron of science and arts. He supported the astronomer [[Johannes Hevelius]], mathematician [[Adam Adamandy Kochański]] and the historian and poet [[Wespazjan Kochowski]]. His [[Wilanów Palace]] became the first of many palaces that would dot the lands of the Commonwealth over the next two centuries.<ref name=psb420/>
<gallery>
File:Sobieski Vienna.jpg|Sobieski's plaque in Vienna
Image:Scutum Sobiescianum.PNG|'' [[Scutum (shield)|Scutum Sobiescianum]]'' "Shield of Sobieski" on the sky in ''"Firmamentum Sobiescianum sive Uranographia"'' of [[Johannes Hevelius]] 1690
File:JanIIISobieskiStatueInPrzemysl.JPG|A statue of John III Sobieski in [[Przemyśl]]
File:Agrykola - pomnik Jana III Sobieskiego (2).JPG|Monument of Sobieski in [[Warsaw]]
File:Gdańsk Targ Drzewny - Pomnik Jana III Sobieskiego.JPG|Monument in [[Gdańsk]], moved from [[Lwów]] after [[World War II]]
File:King John III Sobieski Wilanów.jpg|Equestrian monument of King John III inside the [[Wilanów Palace]]
File:The Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum (23648152953).jpg|A bust of John III Sobieski on display in the [[Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum]] in London
</gallery>
==Family==
{{ref improve|section|date=May 2017}}
[[File:Italian John III Sobieski.jpg|thumb|''Sobieski and his sons'']]
On 5 July 1665, he married the widow of [[Jan "Sobiepan" Zamoyski]], [[Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien]] (1641–1716), of [[Nevers]], Burgundy, France. Their children were:
* [[James Louis Sobieski]] (2 November 1667 – 19 December 1737), Crown Prince of Poland, married [[Countess Palatine Hedwig Elisabeth of Neuburg]] and had issue.
* Twin Daughters (9 May 1669), stillborn or died shortly after birth.
* [[:pl:Teresa Teofila Sobieska|Teresa Teofila]] (October 1670), was a frail child and failed to survive for more than a month.
* [[:pl:Adelajda Ludwika Sobieska|Adelajda Ludwika]] (15 October 1672 – 10 February 1677), called "Barbelune", died at the age of four.
* [[:pl:Maria Teresa Sobieska|Maria Teresa]] (18 October 1673 – 7 December 1675), called "La Mannone", died at the age of two.
* Daughter (October 1674), stillborn or died shortly after birth.
* [[Theresa Kunegunda Sobieska|Teresa Kunegunda]] (4 March 1676 – 10 March 1730), married [[Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria]] and had issue.
* [[Aleksander Benedykt Sobieski|Aleksander Benedykt]] (6 September 1677 – 19 November 1714), died unmarried.
* Daughter (13 November 1678), stillborn or died shortly after birth.
* [[Konstanty Władysław Sobieski|Konstanty Władysław]] (1 May 1680 – 28 February 1726), married Maria Józefa Wessel but had no issue.
* Jan (4 June 1682 – 1 January/12 April 1685), died at the age of two.
* Daughter (20 December 1684), stillborn or died shortly after birth.
===Sobieski family===
<gallery >
Image:Sobieski jakub4.jpeg|Anonymous portrait of James Louis, painted about 1685.
Image:Unknown (maybe French) artist - Portrait of Teresa Kunegunda Sobieska - Google Art Project.jpg|Anonymous portrait of Teresa Kunegunda, painted at the end of the 17th century.
Image:Hyacinthe Rigaud (circle of) - Portrait of Aleksander Benedykt Sobieski - Google Art Project.jpg|Portrait of Aleksander Benedykt by the circle of [[Hyacinthe Rigaud]], about 1696.
Image:Hyacinthe Rigaud (circle of) - Portrait of Konstanty Władysław Sobieski - Google Art Project.jpg|Portrait of Konstanty Władysław by the circle of [[Hyacinthe Rigaud]], about 1696.
Image:Portrait of Prince Jan Sobieski - Google Art Project.jpg|Anonymous portrait of Prince Jan (1682–1685), painted about 1683.
Image:Pier Leone Ghezzi - Portrait of Maria Clementina Sobieska (?) - Google Art Project.jpg|Portrait of [[Maria Clementina Sobieska|Maria Klementyna]], John III's granddaughter, painted by [[Pier Leone Ghezzi]] around 1735.
Image:Portrait of Maria Carolina de Bouillon - Google Art Project.jpg|Anonymous portrait of [[Maria Karolina Sobieska|Maria Karolina]], John III's granddaughter, painted around 1730.
Image:Jerzy Eleuter Szymonowicz Siemiginowski - Portrait of Queen Maria Casimire with children - Google Art Project.jpg|Portrait of the Sobieski family by [[Jerzy Siemiginowski-Eleuter|Siemiginowski-Eleuter]]. Left side: Jakub, Konstanty, Aleksander, Teresa. Right side: Marie Casimire holding Jan (1682–1685).
Image:Apotheosis of John III Sobieski.jpg|Portrait of the Sobieski family by [[Henri Gascar]]. Left side: Konstanty and Jakub (grasping a portrait of John III). Right side: Aleksander, Teresa and Marie Casimire.
Image:Jan III Sobieski z rodziną.jpg|Portrait of the Sobieski family by Henri Gascar. John III and Marie Casimire are in the middle; Konstanty, Aleksander and Jakub are on the left; Teresa Kunegunda and Hedwig of Neuburg holding her daughter Maria Leopoldyna (1693–1695) are on the right.
</gallery>
== Popular culture ==
* John III Sobieski sometimes appears in the loading screen in the computer strategy game, [[Europa Universalis IV]].
* His involvement in the [[Battle of Vienna]] is also referenced in the ''[[Baroque Cycle]]'' novels:
{{Quote|text=When he turned to go back to the camp, he discovered that there was another man up on this hill, a stone’s throw away: some kind of monk or holy man, perhaps, as he was dressed in a rough sackcloth robe, with no finery. But then the bloke whipped out a sword. It was not one of your needle-thin rapiers, such as fops pushed at each other in the streets of London and Paris, but some kind of relic of the Crusades, a two-handed production with a single crossbar instead of a proper guard—the sort of thing Richard the Lionhearted might’ve used to slay camels in the streets of Jerusalem. This man went down on one knee in the dirt, and he did it with verve and enthusiasm. You see your rich man kneeling in church and it takes him two or three minutes, you can hear his knees popping and sinews creaking, he totters this way and that, creating small alarums amongst the servants who are gripping his elbows. But this brute knelt easily, even ''lustily'' if such a thing were possible, and facing toward the city of Vienna, he planted his sword in the ground so that it became a steel cross. The morning light was shining directly into his grizzled face and glinting from the steel of the blade and glowing in some indifferent colored jewels set into the weapon’s hilt and crossbar. The man bowed his head and took to mumbling in Latin. The hand that wasn’t holding the sword was thumbing through a rosary—Jack’s cue to exit stage right. But as he was leaving he recognized the man with the broadsword as King John Sobieski.|author=Neal Stephenson|source=''King of the Vagabonds'', chapter "The Continent"}}
* He appears in his pre-royalty status as a character in [[Mount & Blade: With Fire & Sword]].
==See also==
* [[History of Poland (1569–1795)]]
* [[Wilanów Palace]]
* [[List of Poles#Royalty|List of Poles]]
* [[List of Polish monarchs#Kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|List of Polish monarchs]]
{{Portal bar|Crusades|Poland|Monarchy}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|colwidth=60em}}
* {{citation|last = Tindal Palmer| first = Alicia| title = Authentic memoirs of John Sobieski, King of Poland| year = 1815| publisher = Printed for the author; and sold by Longman and Co| place =|isbn =}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|author1=Red. (Eds.)|title=Jan III Sobieski|work=Polski Słownik Biograficzny |volume=X|year=1962–1964|ref=|language=Polish}}
{{refend}}
==Further reading==
* Chełmecki, ''König J. Sobieski und die Befreiung Wiens'' (Vienna, 1883)
* Coyer, ''Histoire de Jean Sobieski'' (Amsterdam, 1761 and 1783)
* Du Hamel de Breuil, ''Sobieski et sa politique de 1674 à 1683'' (Paris, 1894)
* Dupont, ''Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de Sobieski'' (Warsaw, 1885)
* Rieder, ''Johann III., König von Polen'' (Vienna, 1883)
* Salvandy, ''Histoire de Pologne avant et sous le roi Jean Sobieski'' (two volumes, new edition, Paris, 1855)
* Radoslaw Sikora, Bartosz Musialowicz, [https://www.msz.gov.pl/resource/21badcbf-0c18-4fb8-8b19-3d382469d25f:JCR ''Winged Hussars''], ''BUM Magazine'', 2016.
* Tatham, ''John Sobieski'' (Oxford, 1881)
* Miltiades Varvounis, ''Jan Sobieski: The King Who Saved Europe'' (2012)
* Waliszewski, ''Acta'' (three volumes, Cracow, 1684)
==External links==
{{Commons|John III of Poland}}
{{wikisource author}}
* [https://archive.is/20130416092452/http://wielkisobieski.pl/index.php Polish website about John III Sobieski]
* [http://wilanow-palac.pl/jan_iii_sobieski_of_the_janina_coat_of_arms.html Jan III Sobieski of the Janina coat of arms at the Wilanow Palace Museum]
* [http://wilanow-palac.pl/jan_iii_sobieski_a_book_lover.html Jan III Sobieski – a book lover at the Wilanow Palace Museum]
* [http://wilanow-palac.pl/jan_iii_sobieski_s_entry_into_cracow_for_coronation.html Jan III Sobieski's entry into Krakow for coronation at the Wilanow Palace Museum]
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=John Sobieski}}
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{{s-vac|last=[[Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki|Michael I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Polish monarchs|King of Poland]]<br />[[Grand Duke of Lithuania]]|years=1674–1696}}
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{{Monarchs of Poland}}
{{Monarchs of Lithuania}}
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== Rujukan ==
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