Jan III Sobieski: Perbedaan antara revisi

In 1662 he was again elected a deputy to the Sejm, and took part in the work on reforming the military. He was also a member of the Sejm in 1664 and 1665.<ref name=psb414/> In between he participated in the Russian campaign of 1663.<ref name=psb414/> Sobieski remained loyal to the King during the [[Lubomirski Rebellion]] of 1665–66, though it was a difficult decision for him.<ref name=psb414/><ref name=psb415>Red. (Eds.), ''Jan III Sobieski'', p.415</ref> He participated in the Sejm of 1665, and after some delays, accepted the prestigious office of the [[Marshal of the Crown]] on 18 May that year.<ref name=psb415/> Around late April or early May 1666 he received another high office of the Commonwealth, that of the [[Field Crown Hetman]].<ref name=psb415/> Soon afterward, he was defeated at the [[Battle of Mątwy]], and signed the [[Agreement of Łęgonice]] on the 21 July, which ended the Lubomirski Rebellion.<ref name=psb415/>

 

 

In October 1667 he achieved another victory over the Cossacks of [[Petro Doroshenko]] and their Crimean Tatar allies in the [[Battle of Podhajce (1667)|Battle of Podhajce]] during the [[Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–71)]].<ref name="millar" /> This allowed him to regain his image as a skilled military leader.<ref name=psb415/> Later that year, in November, his first child, [[James Louis Sobieski]] was born in Paris.<ref name=psb415/> On 5 February 1668 he achieved the rank of Grand Hetman of the Crown, the highest military rank in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and thereby the ''de facto'' [[commander-in-chief]] of the entire [[Polish Army]].<ref name="millar" /> Later that year he supported the French candidacy of [[Louis, Grand Condé]] for the Polish throne, and after this candidacy fell apart, [[Philip William, Elector Palatine]].<ref name=psb415/> Following the election of [[Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki]] he joined the opposition faction; he and his allies helped [[liberum veto|veto]] several sejms (including the coronation ones), and his attitude once again resulted in him losing popularity among the regular szlachta.<ref name=psb415/> While his pro-French stance in politics alienated some, his military victories against invading Tatars in 1671 helped him gain other allies.<ref name=psb415/> The year 1672 saw internal politics destabilizing the Commonwealth, as the pro-French faction of Sobieski and pro-court faction of king Wiśniowiecki formed two [[konfederacja|confederations]], which despite [[Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76)|the large Ottoman incursions]] in the south seemed more concerned with one another than with uniting to defend the country.<ref name=psb416>Red. (Eds.), ''Jan III Sobieski'', p.416</ref> The court faction called openly for confiscation of his estates and dismissal from office, and declared him an "enemy of the state".<ref name=psb416/> This culminated in the humiliating to the Commonwealth [[Treaty of Buchach]], where the Commonwealth was forced to cede territories to the Ottomans, but promise an annual tribute.<ref name="Magill2013-726">{{cite book|author=Frank N. Magill|title=The 17th and 18th Centuries: Dictionary of World Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaHdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA727|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-92414-0|page=726}}</ref> Sobieski eventually succeeded in balancing politics and national defense, and a combination of his military victories over the invaders, and successful negotiations at the Sejm in April 1673, led to a compromise in which the court faction dropped its demands and challenges against him.<ref name=psb416/>

 

===King of Poland===

 

Though Poland-Lithuania was at that time the largest and one of the most populous states of Europe,<ref name="Lupovitch2009">{{cite book|author=Howard N. Lupovitch|title=Jews and Judaism in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7uLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120|date=16 December 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-18965-5|page=120}}</ref> Sobieski became a king of a country devastated by almost half a century of constant war.<ref name="Cummins">{{cite book|author=Joseph Cummins|title=The War Chronicles: From Chariots to Flintlocks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A50WWPlO-7wC&pg=PA323|publisher=Fair Winds|isbn=978-1-61673-403-9|page=323}}</ref> The treasury was almost empty and the court had little to offer the powerful [[magnate]]s, who often allied themselves with foreign courts rather than the state.<ref name="Carsten1961">{{cite book|author=F. L. Carsten|title=The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 5, The Ascendancy of France, 1648–88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA564|date=1 January 1961|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-04544-5|page=564}}</ref><ref name="Magill2013-727">{{cite book|author=Frank N. Magill|title=The 17th and 18th Centuries: Dictionary of World Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaHdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA727|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-92414-0|page=727}}</ref>

The signing of the treaty with the Ottomans began a period of peace that was much needed for the repair of the country and strengthening of the royal authority. Sobieski managed to completely reform the Polish army.<ref name="pasek" /> The military was reorganised into regiments, the infantry finally dropped [[pike (weapon)|pike]]s, replacing them with [[battle-axe]]s, and the [[Polish cavalry]] adopted [[hussar]]s and [[dragoon]]s formations.<ref name="nagielski">{{cite book |author=Mirosław Nagielski|title=Hetmani Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów|year=1995|page=227|pages= |chapter= |chapterurl= |publisher=Bellona|location= |isbn=83-11-08275-8|url=|accessdate=|language=pl}}</ref> Sobieski also greatly increased the number of guns and introduced new artillery tactics.<ref name="nagielski" />

 

 

Sobieski also planned to conquer [[Duchy of Prussia|Prussia]] with [[Swedish Empire|Swedish]] troops and French support.<ref name="pasek">{{cite book |author=Wiktor Waintraub|title=Memoirs of the Polish Baroque: the writings of Jan Chryzostom Pasek, a squire of the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania|year=1976|page=308|pages= |chapter=|chapterurl= |publisher=University of California Press|location= |isbn=0-520-02752-3|url=|accessdate=}}</ref> Regaining control of this autonomous province was in the Commonwealth's best interest, and Sobieski also hoped for it to become part of his family domain.<ref name="Magill2013-727"/> This secret pact of 1675 (known as the [[Treaty of Jaworów]]), failed to bring a change in the status quo for a number of reasons. The wars with the Ottoman Empire were not decisively solved in the Commonwealth's favor, during which time the Great Elector (of Brandenburg) made [[Treaty of Nijmegen|treaties with France]], the [[Wars and battles involving Prussia#Swedish-Brandenburg War .281674.E2.80.931679.29|Swedes were repelled during their invasion]], and plans for the Commonwealth's own military campaign against Prussia ran into opposition from the Commonwealth's magnates, many of them taking the Great Elector's side.<ref name=psb416/><ref name="Magill2013-727"/><ref name="Penson542">{{cite book|author1=Oskar Halecki |author2=W: F. Reddaway |author3=J. H. Penson |title=The Cambridge History of Poland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N883AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA542|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-1-00-128802-4|page=542}}</ref><ref name=psb417>Red. (Eds.), ''Jan III Sobieski'', p.417</ref><ref name="Penson543-544"/> Backed by [[Electorate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]] and Austrian [[Habsburg Monarchy]], internal enemies of Sobieski even planned to dethrone him and elect [[Charles V, Duke of Lorraine|Charles of Lorraine]].<ref name=psb417/>

===Battle of Vienna===

{{Main article|Battle of Vienna}}

 

Sobieski's greatest success came in 1683, with his victory at the [[Battle of Vienna]], in joint command of Polish and German troops, against the invading Ottoman Turks under [[Kara Mustafa]].<ref name=psb417/><ref name="Penson547548"/>

The Pope and other foreign dignitaries hailed Sobieski as the "Savior of Vienna and Western European civilization."<ref>{{cite book |author=World Book, Inc|title=The World Book Encyclopedia|year=2007|page=132|pages= |chapter=Volume 1 |chapterurl= |publisher=Bellona|location= |isbn=0-7166-0107-9|url=|accessdate=}}</ref> In a letter to his wife, he wrote, "All the common people kissed my hands, my feet, my clothes; others only touched me, saying: 'Ah, let us kiss so valiant a hand!'"<ref>{{cite book |title= Great Men and Women of Poland |last= Mizwa |first= Stephen Paul |year= 1942 |publisher= Macmillan |location= New York |page= 103}}</ref>

 

 

The war with the Ottomans was not yet over, and Sobieski continued the campaign with the [[Battle of Párkány]] on 7–9 October.<ref name=psb418>Red. (Eds.), ''Jan III Sobieski'', p.418</ref> After early victories, the Polish found themselves a junior partner in the Holy League, gaining no lasting territorial or political rewards.<ref name=psb418/> The prolonged and indecisive war also weakened Sobieski's position at home.<ref name=psb418/> For the next four years Poland would blockade the key fortress at [[Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamenets]], and Ottoman [[Tatars]] would raid the borderlands. In 1691, Sobieski undertook another expedition to [[Moldavia|Moldovia]], with slightly better results, but still with no decisive victories.<ref name=psb418/>

 

==Legacy and significance==

 

Sobieski is remembered in Poland as a "hero king", victor at Vienna who defeated the Ottoman threat, an image that became particularly well recognized after his story was told in many works of 19th century literature.<ref name=psb420>Red. (Eds.), ''Jan III Sobieski'', p.420</ref> In the [[Polish Biographical Dictionary]] he is described as "an individual above his contemporaries, but still one of them"; an oligarch and a magnate, interested in personal wealth and power.<ref name=psb420/> His ambitions for the most part were instilled in him by his beloved wife, whom he undoubtedly loved more than any throne (when being forced to divorce her and marry the former Queen as a condition to gain the throne, he immediately refused the throne) and tended to obey, at times blindly.<ref>{{cite book|last1=de Battaglia|first1=O.Forst|title=The Cambridge History of Poland|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781001288024|page=539|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N883AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA539}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Drohojowska|first1=Countess Antoinette Joséphine Françoise Anne|last2=Salvandy|first2=Achille (Count.)|title=Love of Country, or Sobieski and Hedwig. Compiled and translated from the French (of N. A. de Salvandy, the Countess Drohojowska, etc.) by Trauermantel|date=1856|publisher=Crosby, Nichols, and company|pages=87–88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5BaAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA87}}</ref>

 

<gallery>

Image:Scutum Sobiescianum.PNG|'' [[Scutum (shield)|Scutum Sobiescianum]]'' "Shield of Sobieski" on the sky in ''"Firmamentum Sobiescianum sive Uranographia"'' of [[Johannes Hevelius]] 1690

</gallery>

 

==Family==

{{ref improve|section|date=May 2017}}

 

On 5 July 1665, he married the widow of [[Jan "Sobiepan" Zamoyski]], [[Marie Casimire Louise de la Grange d'Arquien]] (1641–1716), of [[Nevers]], Burgundy, France. Their children were: