Jan III Sobieski: Perbedaan antara revisi
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=== Senapati Polandia ===
[[Berkas:Jan Tricius - Portrait of John III Sobieski (ca. 1680) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Potret Yohanes III karya Jan Tricius]]
Pada 26 Mei 1656, ia diangkat menjadi ''[[Chorąży|chorąży koronny]]'' (pembawa pataka mahkota).<ref name=psb414>Red. (Eds.), ''Jan III Sobieski'', hlm.414</ref> Dalam [[Pertempuran Warsawa (1656)|pertempuran tiga hari di Warsawa]] pada 1656, Yohanes memimpin satu resimen kavaleri [[Kekhanan Krimea|Tatar]] beranggotakan 2.000 prajurit.<ref name=psb414/><ref>{{Harvnb|Tindal Palmer|1815|pp=23–24}}</ref> Ia ikut terlibat dalam sejumlah pertempuran selama dua tahun berikutnya, termasuk dalam [[Pengepungan Toruń (1658)|Pengepungan Toruń]] pada 1658.<ref name=psb414/> Pada 1659, ia terpilih menjadi anggota [[Sejm]] (Majelis Rendah Parlemen Polandia), dan menjadi salah satu wakil Polandia dalam perundingan dengan kaum Kazaki yang menghasilkan [[Perjanjian Hadyach]].<ref name=psb414/> Pada 1660, ia terlibat dalam serangan terakhir terhadap orang Swedia di Prusia, dan diganjari jabatan [[starosta]] (penghulu negeri) [[Stryi|Stryj]] oleh pemerintah kerajaan.<ref name=psb414/> Tak seberapa lama kemudian, ia sudah kembali ikut berperang melawan orang Rusia, terlibat dalam [[Pertempuran Slobodyshche]] dan [[Pertempuran Liubar]], serta sekali lagi menjadi salah satu wakil Polandia dalam perundingan baru dengan kaum Kazaki yang menghasilkan [[Perjanjian Chudniv]] pada penghujung tahun itu.<ref name=psb414/>
[[Berkas:Stech Kessel Bitwa pod Chocimiem.jpg|thumb|
<!-- In October 1667 he achieved another victory over the Cossacks of [[Petro Doroshenko]] and their Crimean Tatar allies in the [[Battle of Podhajce (1667)|Battle of Podhajce]] during the [[Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–71)]].<ref name="millar" /> This allowed him to regain his image as a skilled military leader.<ref name=psb415/> Later that year, in November, his first child, [[James Louis Sobieski]] was born in Paris.<ref name=psb415/> On 5 February 1668 he achieved the rank of Grand Hetman of the Crown, the highest military rank in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and thereby the ''de facto'' [[commander-in-chief]] of the entire [[Polish Army]].<ref name="millar" /> Later that year he supported the French candidacy of [[Louis, Grand Condé]] for the Polish throne, and after this candidacy fell apart, [[Philip William, Elector Palatine]].<ref name=psb415/> Following the election of [[Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki]] he joined the opposition faction; he and his allies helped [[liberum veto|veto]] several sejms (including the coronation ones), and his attitude once again resulted in him losing popularity among the regular szlachta.<ref name=psb415/> While his pro-French stance in politics alienated some, his military victories against invading Tatars in 1671 helped him gain other allies.<ref name=psb415/> The year 1672 saw internal politics destabilizing the Commonwealth, as the pro-French faction of Sobieski and pro-court faction of king Wiśniowiecki formed two [[konfederacja|confederations]], which despite [[Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76)|the large Ottoman incursions]] in the south seemed more concerned with one another than with uniting to defend the country.<ref name=psb416>Red. (Eds.), ''Jan III Sobieski'', p.416</ref> The court faction called openly for confiscation of his estates and dismissal from office, and declared him an "enemy of the state".<ref name=psb416/> This culminated in the humiliating to the Commonwealth [[Treaty of Buchach]], where the Commonwealth was forced to cede territories to the Ottomans, but promise an annual tribute.<ref name="Magill2013-726">{{cite book|author=Frank N. Magill|title=The 17th and 18th Centuries: Dictionary of World Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaHdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA727|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-92414-0|page=726}}</ref> Sobieski eventually succeeded in balancing politics and national defense, and a combination of his military victories over the invaders, and successful negotiations at the Sejm in April 1673, led to a compromise in which the court faction dropped its demands and challenges against him.<ref name=psb416/>▼
▲In October 1667 he achieved another victory over the Cossacks of [[Petro Doroshenko]] and their Crimean Tatar allies in the [[Battle of Podhajce (1667)|Battle of Podhajce]] during the [[Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–71)]].<ref name="millar" /> This allowed him to regain his image as a skilled military leader.<ref name=psb415/> Later that year, in November, his first child, [[James Louis Sobieski]] was born in Paris.<ref name=psb415/> On 5 February 1668 he achieved the rank of Grand Hetman of the Crown, the highest military rank in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and thereby the ''de facto'' [[commander-in-chief]] of the entire [[Polish Army]].<ref name="millar" /> Later that year he supported the French candidacy of [[Louis, Grand Condé]] for the Polish throne, and after this candidacy fell apart, [[Philip William, Elector Palatine]].<ref name=psb415/> Following the election of [[Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki]] he joined the opposition faction; he and his allies helped [[liberum veto|veto]] several sejms (including the coronation ones), and his attitude once again resulted in him losing popularity among the regular szlachta.<ref name=psb415/> While his pro-French stance in politics alienated some, his military victories against invading Tatars in 1671 helped him gain other allies.<ref name=psb415/> The year 1672 saw internal politics destabilizing the Commonwealth, as the pro-French faction of Sobieski and pro-court faction of king Wiśniowiecki formed two [[konfederacja|confederations]], which despite [[Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76)|the large Ottoman incursions]] in the south seemed more concerned with one another than with uniting to defend the country.<ref name=psb416>Red. (Eds.), ''Jan III Sobieski'', p.416</ref> The court faction called openly for confiscation of his estates and dismissal from office, and declared him an "enemy of the state".<ref name=psb416/> This culminated in the humiliating to the Commonwealth [[Treaty of Buchach]], where the Commonwealth was forced to cede territories to the Ottomans, but promise an annual tribute.<ref name="Magill2013-726">{{cite book|author=Frank N. Magill|title=The 17th and 18th Centuries: Dictionary of World Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaHdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA727|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-92414-0|page=726}}</ref> Sobieski eventually succeeded in balancing politics and national defense, and a combination of his military victories over the invaders, and successful negotiations at the Sejm in April 1673, led to a compromise in which the court faction dropped its demands and challenges against him.<ref name=psb416/>
On 11 November 1673 Sobieski added a major victory to his list, this time defeating the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in the [[Battle of Khotyn (1673)|Battle of Khotyn]] and capturing the [[Chocim|fortress]] located there.<ref name="millar" /> The news of the battle coincided with the news of the death of [[Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki|Michael I, King of Poland]], who had died the day before the battle.<ref name="millar" /> This made Sobieski one of the leading figures of the state, so on 19 May the following year, he was elected monarch of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Commonwealth]].<ref name="skalmowski" /> His candidacy was almost universally supported, with only a dozen or so members of the diet opposing him (mainly centered around the Lithuanian magnate [[Pac family]]).<ref name=psb416/> In light of the war, requiring Sobieski to be on the front lines, the coronation ceremony was significantly delayed – John Sobieski was crowned John III almost two years later, on 2 February 1676.<ref name="skalmowski" /><ref name=psb416/>
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