Revisi per 31 Oktober 2017 11.42 sunting Adesio2010 (bicara \| kontrib) Peninjau 26.093 suntingan Israel dari Trier		Revisi per 1 November 2017 05.06 sunting balikkan HsfBot (bicara \| kontrib) Bot 1.172.010 suntingan k Bot: Perubahan kosmetika Revisi selanjutnya →
Baris 27: \| footnotes = }} [[~~File~~Berkas:Israel the Grammarian's commonplace book.jpg\|thumb\|Sebuah halaman buku umum Israel, mengomentari [[Porfirius]] ''[[Isagoge]]''\|upright=1.2]] '''Israel sang Penata Bahasa'''{{efn\|Israel is called the Grammarian by most modern scholars, but Édouard Jeauneau refers to him as "Israel Scot"<ref>Lapidge, ''Anglo-Latin Literature'', p. 87, n. 1</ref> (meaning Irish) and Michael Wood as "Israel of Trier".<ref name=Wood135>Wood, "A Carolingian Scholar", p. 135</ref>}} (skt. 895 – skt. 965) merupakan salah satu ilmuwan Eropa terkemuka pada pertengahan abad ke-10. Pada tahun 930-an, ia berada di istana Raja [[Ethelstan]] dari Inggris (r. 924–39). Setelah kematian Æthelstan, Israel berhasil mencari pelindung Uskup Agung [[Robert dari Trier]] dan menjadi guru [[Bruno dari Köln\|Bruno]], kemudian [[Keuskupan Agung Köln\|Uskup Agung Köln]]. Pada akhir tahun 940-an Israel tercatat sebagai seorang uskup, dan pada akhir hidupnya ia adalah seorang rahib di biara [[Ordo Santo Benediktus\|Benediktin]] [[Biara St. Maximin, Trier\|Saint-Maximin]] di Trier. Israel adalah seorang penyair berprestasi, murid filsuf Irlandia abad ke-9, [[Johannes Scotus Eriugena]] dan salah satu dari sedikit ilmuwan Barat pada waktunya untuk memahami bahasa Yunani. Ia menulis alur teologis dan gramatikal, dan komentar tentang karya filsuf dan teolog lainnya. == Catatan == {{notelist}} == Referensi == {{Reflist\|25em}} == Sumber == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book\|first=T. M.\|last=Charles-Edwards\|title=Wales and the Britons 350–1064\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=2013\|isbn=978-0-19-821731-2}} * {{cite book \| last = Foot \| first = Sarah \| title=[[Æthelstan: The First King of England]]\|publisher=Yale University Press\| year = 2011 \|isbn= 978-0-300-12535-1}} * {{cite book\|title=The Intellectual Foundations of the English Benedictine Reform\|first=Mechthild\|last=Gretsch\|year=1999\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|isbn=978-0-521-03052-6}} * {{cite book\|last=Lapidge\|first=Michael\|title=Anglo-Latin Literature 900–1066\|publisher=The Hambledon Press\|year =1993\|isbn=1-85285-012-4}} * {{cite encyclopedia\|last=Lapidge\|first= Michael \|year=2001\|title=Israel the Grammarian\|editors= Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes and Donald Scragg \|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England\|publisher= Blackwell Publishing\|isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}} * {{cite book\|last=Leonardi\|first= Claudio \|year=1999\|chapter=Intellectual Life\|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History\|volume=III \|editor-first= Timothy\|editor-last= Reuter\|publisher= Cambridge University Press\|isbn=0-521-36447-7}} * {{cite book \| last=Murray \| first=H. J. R. \| authorlink=H. J. R. Murray \| title=A History of Board-Games Other Than Chess \| year=1952 \| publisher=Oxford University Press \| location=Oxford \| isbn=0-19-827401-7}} * {{cite book \| last=Parlett \| first=David \| authorlink=David Parlett \| title=The Oxford History of Board Games \| year=1999 \| publisher=Oxford University Press \| location=Oxford \| isbn=0-19-212998-8}} * {{cite book\|first=Jane \|last=Stevenson\|chapter=The Irish Contribution to Anglo-Latin Hermeneutic Prose\|title=Ogma: Essays in Celtic Studies in Honour of Prionseas Ni Chathain\|publisher=Four Courts Press\|year=2002\|editor1-last=Richter\|editor1-first= Michael \|editor2-last= Picard\|editor2-first= Jean Michel\|isbn=1-85182-671-8}} * {{cite book\|first=David J. \|last=Wasserstein\|chapter=The First Jew in England: 'The Game of the Evangel' and a Hiberno-Latin Contribution to Anglo-Jewish History\|title=Ogma: Essays in Celtic Studies in Honour of Prionseas Ni Chathain\|publisher=Four Courts Press\|year=2002\|editor1-last=Richter\|editor1-first= Michael \|editor2-last= Picard\|editor2-first= Jean Michel\|isbn=1-85182-671-8}} * {{cite book\|first=Michael\|last=Wood\|title=[[Lay Intellectuals in the Carolingian World]]\|chapter='Stand Strong Against the Monsters': Kingship and Learning in the Empire of King Æthelstan\|editor1-first=Patrick\|editor1-last=Wormald\|editor2-first=Janet\|editor2-last=Nelson\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=2007\|isbn=978-0-521-83453-7}} * {{cite book\|title=[[England and the Continent in the Tenth Century\|England and the Continent in the Tenth Century:Studies in Honour of Wilhelm Levison (1876-1947)]]\|publisher=Brepols\|year=2010\|editor-first=David\|editor-last=Rollason\|editor2-first=Conrad\|editor2-last=Leyser\|editor3-first=Hannah\|editor3-last=Williams\|first=Michael\|last=Wood\|chapter=A Carolingian Scholar in the Court of King Æthelstan\|isbn=978-2-503-53208-0}} * {{cite journal\|first=D. A. \|last=Woodman\|journal=Anglo-Saxon England\|title='Æthelstan A' and the Rhetoric of Rule\|volume=42\|date=December 2013\|doi=10.1017/S0263675113000112\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|pages=217–248}} {{refend}} == Bacaan selanjutnya == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book\|first=Edouard\|last=Jeauneau\|title=Etudes Erigéniennes\|chapter=Pour le dossier d'Israel Scot\|year=1987\|pages=641–706\|language=French}} * {{cite journal\|first=Colette\|last=Jeudy\|journal=Studi medievali\|title=Israël le grammairien et la tradition manuscrite du commentaire de Remi d'Auxerre à l' 'Ars minor' de Donat\|series=3\|number=18\|year=1977\|pages=751–771\|language=French}} * {{cite journal\|first=Carl\|last=Selmer\|title=Israel, ein unbekannter Schotte des 10, Jahrunderts\|journal=Studien und Mitteilungen zur Geschichte des Benediktiner-Ordens und seiner Zweige\|number=62\|year=1950\|pages=69–86\|language=German}} {{refend}}

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