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[[en:User:Rochelimit]]
=Patung keramik luohan Yixian=
[[Image:Flickr - dalbera - Statue de l'Arhat Tamrabhadra (musée Guimet).jpg|thumb|300pxright|[[Sebuah patung luohan Musee Guimet, [[Paris]] example.]]
[[File:五百羅漢堂華林寺.Jpeg|thumb|250px|ChinesePatung-patung luohan halldi kuil [[Hualin]] di [[Guangzhou]] ini hancur pada masa [[Revolusi Kebudayaan]] Cina.]]
A'''Patung setluohan ofYixian''' life-sizeadalah glazedbeberapa potteryset sculptures ofpatung [[arhat|luohansluohan]] usuallyberukuran assignedsatu tobanding satu yang terbuat dari tembikar poles. Patung-patung theini perioddiproduksi ofpada theperiode [[LiaoDinasti dynastyLiao]] (907–1125) wasdan discoveredditemukan indidalam cavesgua-gua atdi I Chou (I-chou, Yizhou) indi Yi xian or [[County Yi County,di [[Hebei]] ({{zh|s=易县|t=易縣|p=Yì Xiàn}}), southdi ofsebelah selatan [[Beijing]], beforesebelum World[[Perang WarDunia I]].<ref>Sickman, 200; Rawson, 159; Art history sources mostly use "Yixian", though "Yi xian" appears more correct.</ref> Patung-patung Theyluohan Yixian havetersebut beenpernah describeddisebut assebagai "onesalah ofsatu thekelompok mostpatung importantkeramik groupsyang ofpaling ceramicpenting sculpturedi in the worlddunia."<ref>Gillman Lecture, 3.20</ref> TheyPatung-patung reachedtersebut thesampai internationaldi artpasar marketseni internasional, anddan weredibeli boughtuntuk forkoleksi Westerndi collectionsBarat. At least eight statuesSedikitnya weredelapan originallypatung foundditemukan, includingtermasuk onesebuah largepecahan fragmentbesar whichyang waspada longawalnya thoughtdiperkirakan totelah havehancur been destroyed indi [[Berlin]] duringselama World[[Perang WarDunia II]], butnamun hasbaru-baru beenini sightedterlihat inkembali Russiadi recently[[Rusia]].
OthersPatung-patung areluohan nowYixian inlainnya thesaat followingini collections:berada thedalam koleksi museum-museum di dunia Barat sebagai berikut: [[British Museum]] indi [[London]], two indua thedi [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[New York]], [[Royal Ontario Museum]] indi [[Toronto]], [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]], [[University|Museum of PennsylvaniaFine MuseumArts ofdi ArchaeologyBoston]], and Anthropology|[[Penn Museum]], di [[Philadelphia]], [[Nelson Gallery of Art]], di [[Kansas City]], the [[Musée Guimet]] indi [[Paris]], anddan abeberapa Japanesekoleksi collection.di negara With the example lost in Berlin, this makes a total of ten figures[[Jepang]].<!-- SomeDengan discrepanciessatu incontoh theyang sourcesditemukan herehilang -->di There are fragments probably from the same set in other collections.<ref>SickmanBerlin, p.total 483,dari notepatung 11luohan forYixian p.ini 200;adalah updated to include the Paris example ([http://wwwsepuluh.guimet.fr/fr/collections/chine/143-statue-du-luohan-tamrabhadra Musée Guimet page]</ref> The circumstances of the find, and the subsequent events as the figures reached the art market, have been the subject of much scholarly investigation, without being entirely clarified.
ALuohan luohanadalah (oftenistilah writtenCina luóhàn)untuk isseorang the Chinese term for an [[arhat (Buddhism)|arhat]], onesalah ofsatu themurid historicalajaran disciplesSang of the [[Buddha]]. AsSebagaimana Buddhisttradisi traditionBuddha developedberkembang, andterutama especiallydi innegara-negara theBuddha Eastdi AsianAsia Buddhist countriesTimur, thejumlah numberarhat of arhats oratau luohans tendedcenderung to increasemeningkat, anddan atpaling leasttidak theyang mostpaling importantpenting weredianggap regarded assebagai, oratau ashampir almost,menjadi [[bodhisattvaBodhisattva]]s oratau fullymakhluk enlightenedyang beings,sepenuhnya withtercerahkan adan widemendapatkan rangeberbagai ofmacam kekuatan supernatural powers.<ref>Rhie and Thurman, 102</ref> Menurut Accordingtradisi toBuddhis, Buddhistsebuah tradition,kelompok groupsyang ofterdiri atas 16, 18 oratau 500 luohansluohan awaitedmenantikan the arrival ofkedatangan [[Maitreya]], theSang FutureBuddha BuddhaMasa Depan,<ref name=toah>{{cite web|title=Arhat (luohan), Liao dynasty (907–1125), ca. 1000|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/21.76|work=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|accessdate=2014-02-25}}</ref> anddan groupskelompok wereini oftensering useddirepresentasikan indalam Eastkesenian Asianagama [[BuddhistBuddha art]].di TheAsia full set is thought by most scholars to have had figures for the typical Chinese main grouping of [[Sixteen Arhats|Sixteen]] or [[Eighteen Arhats]], although [[William Watson (sinologist)|William Watson]] describes this "usual assumption" as "speculative"Timur. These and earlier smaller groupings of six or eight were each given names and personalities in Buddhist tradition.<ref>Rhie and Thurman, 102–116; Wisdom, 112–114; Steinhardt, 7–8; Gillman, 126; Watson, 123, quoted</ref>
Set patung Luohan yang ditemukan di Yixian ini memiliki kualitas yang luar bisa dan menunjukkan individualitas setiap figur luohan. Beberapa arkeolog mempercayai bahwa gambaran wajah figur-figur ini sebetulnya merupakan potret dari biksu-biksu kontemporer yang terkenal di Cina.<ref name="Watson, 123">Watson, 123</ref>
This set is exceptional in its quality and the individuality of each figure; it has been suggested that they were also portraits of notable contemporary monks. For Watson they are "outstanding examples of the naturalistic pseudo-portrait of the period, displaying to great perfection an idealization of the face", where "only the elongation of the ear-lobes follows [traditional Buddhist] [[iconography]]".<ref name="Watson, 123">Watson, 123</ref> The green hair of some of the figures is also a departure from naturalism. The findspot in 1912 seems not to have been the original location of the group, which is unknown, and the set of 16 or 18 figures was probably made to be set on platforms along the walls of a "luohan hall" in a temple.<ref>Steinhardt, 7–8; Gillman, 126; Gillman Lecture, 35:00 – 37:00</ref> The openwork bases were intended to suggest mountains; paintings of luohans often show them perched on small peaks, indicating the mountain retreats of the ascetic monk.<ref>Gillman Lecture, 38:30</ref>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4"> ▼File:Luóhàn at British Museum.jpg|British Museum, [[Seated Luohan from Yixian]] ▼File:遼 三彩羅漢像-Arhat (Luohan) MET DP163962.jpg| Yixian luohan from the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], his head turned sharply to his right ▼File:遼 三彩羅漢像-Arhat (Luohan) MET DP163966.jpg|Another at the Metropolitan from the same set, depicting an older monk ▼|[[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology|Penn Museum]], his head turning slightly to his right
|[[Nelson-Atkins Museum]], [[Kansas City]]
Image:Green Luohan, Southeast Asia Gallery, Royal Ontario Museum, front.jpg|Luohan at the [[Royal Ontario Museum]] in Toronto, with later head
|Luohan at the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] with restored head
==Arkeologi==
Pada awal-awal penerimaan mereka di Barat, patung-patung tembikar poles ini biasanya ditaksir oleh orang-orang Barat sebagai sebuah produk dari [[Dinasti Tang]] (618–907), walaupun ada juga pendapat yang mengatakan bahwa patung-patung ini berasal dari [[Dinasti Ming]] atau dinasti-dinasti diantara kedua periode tersebut. Tanggal-tanggal yang berhubungan dengan [[Dinasti Liao]] (916–1125) menjadi lebih dipercaya, namun diakibatkan oleh beberapa metode ilmiah untuk penanggalan artifak arkeologi semakin membawa umur penciptaan objek-objek ini di masa [[Dinasti Jin]], yaitu sekitar abad ke-12.<ref>Bulletin and Hobson's titles; Hobson, 69–70; Watson, 123</ref>
[[File:Luohan side.jpg|thumb|The older of the New York figures, from the side]]
In their first years in the West the figures were usually assigned to the [[Tang Dynasty]] (618–907), with some proposing various later dates in the [[Ming dynasty]] period and those of the dynasties in between. But a date in the regional [[Liao Dynasty]] (916–1125 CE) came to be preferred, although in recent years they are increasingly, partly because of the results of scientific dating methods, placed in the early 12th century, which is mostly in the following [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)]] period.<ref>Bulletin and Hobson's titles; Hobson, 69–70; Watson, 123</ref>
[[ThermoluminescenceUji dating]]penanggalan teststermoluminesensi ofpada the statuespatung-patung indi Philadelphia anddan New York (youngersosok figuremuda) producedmenghasilkan atitik midpoint date oftengah 1210, ±dengan 100jeda andkurang lebih 100-200 years respectivelytahun, thetitik midpointtengahnya beingberada duringselama theperiode period of the followingdinasti Jin dynasty. Derek Gillman tentativelyuntuk suggestssementara theini specificmengemukakan datetanggal ofspesifik 1159, totanggal matchyang thedisesuaikan recordeddengan renovationtahun ofrenovasi asebuah largekuil templebesar indi thewilayah regiontersebut, whichyang hedia proposesusulkan assebagai akandidat candidatelokasi for their originalasli locationmereka.<ref>Steinhardt, 8; Gillman Lecture, 53:10, for some minutes; Wisdom, 116 (Technical note).</ref> Sebuah Ankoin earlydari 12thawal abad ke-century12 coinjuga wasditemukan alsodidalam foundfigur insidetembikar theluohan Bostonyang figuredisimpan di Boston.<ref name="Watson, 123"/>
==Teknik==
TheDimensi dimensionsdari offigur thetembikar figuresLuohan varydari somewhat;Yixian takingini theagak youngerbervariasi; ofmisalnya, thefigur twoluohan inYixian Newmuda Yorkyang asdisimpan andi example,New theyYork are:memiliki heightketinggian of the figure along 50 in. ({{convert|127 |cm);|inch}} includingdan thedengan basememperhitungkan thetinggi heightplatformnya isadalah 92kurang in.lebih (233.7 {{convert|234|cm). The base is 41 in. (104.1 cm) wide and 38 in. (96.5 cm) deep. The whole piece weighs 450 lbs (204.1 kg)|inch}}.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/collections/search-the-collections/42722 Metropolitan object page]</ref>
ThePatung-patung statuestembikar areluohan assembledYixian fromini severalterbuat piecesdari ofbeberapa glazedbagian [[terracotta]]terakota yang dipoles (notbukan [[stoneware]]dari periuk asseperti sometimesyang kadang-kadang saiddikatakan),<ref>Gillman Lecture, 21:00</ref> dengan withplatformnya theirdibuat basesterpisah, madedan separately,menggunakan andteknik usingkombinasi aantara combinationpenempaan ofdan mouldedpembentukan andsecara freelybebas formedkonstruksi "''slab''. Patung-constructed"patung sections.tembikar ini Theydiwarnai usedengan theproses difficultpewarnaan [[sancai]], three-colouryaitu glazingsuatu processteknik (herepemolesan indengan facttiga oftenwarna (beberapa includingmemiliki fourempat colourswarna), whichyang requiresmembutuhkan twodua firingskali pembakaran. Teknik Thisini wasbanyak widelydigunakan useduntuk forpembuatan vesselswadah anddan figur-figur figurespatung foundyang inditemukan dalam kuburan-kuburan dari [[Dinasti T'ang dynasty]] (618–907618-907), tombsnamun ([[Tangsejak Dynastypertengahan tombabad figures of Liu Tingxun|this set in London is a good example]])ke-8, butteknik fromini thesepertinya mid-8thditinggalkan centurydi isdaratan rarely found in most of ChinaCina. Namun Howeverdinasti theLiao regional Liao dynasty, foundedyang bydidirikan theoleh semiorang-nomadicorang [[Khitan people]], continuedyang to use the stylesemi-nomaden, althoughterus normallymelestarikan forteknik vessels rather than figurestersebut, anddimana Beijing anddan Yixian were on theberada southerndi edgeujung ofselatan theirnegara statemereka, withdengan Beijing (assebagai "Nanjing") theiribukota southernselatan capitalmereka.<ref name="Wisdom, 115–116">Wisdom, 115–116</ref>
TheFigur-figur figures,luohan variouslyYixian describedyang assering lifekali dijelaskan sebagai berukuran satu-banding-sizesatu oratau "slightlysedikit overlebih life-size"besar,<ref>Wisdom, 115; Sickman, 200 quoted</ref> areadalah amongfigur theterbesar largestyang madedibuat withdengan theteknik techniqueini anddan aredisepakati agreedsebagai tocontoh beteknik outstandingpembuatan examplestembikar fromyang theluar technicalbiasa asdari wellsisi asteknik thepembuatannya artisticdan pointdari ofsisi viewteknik artistiknya.<ref>Sickman, 201; Wisdom, 115–116</ref> Figur Accordingberukuran tobesar oneini scholarmemiliki "itbatangan wouldbesi taxdibagian thedalamnya best-equippedyang modernmendukung potteryberat tofigur buildtersebut upsebelum and fire such massive objects without sinkage or warping or loss of pose",<ref>Hobsonpembakaran, 70</ref>sebuah though he was probably unaware that because of their exceptional size the figures have iron rods inserted internally before firing to support the structure,elemen ayang verysangat unusualtidak elementbiasa.<ref name="Gillman Lecture, 21:10"/>
BecauseKarena ofkualitasnya theiryang hightinggi, qualityseringkali itdiyakini isbahwa oftenmereka believedmungkin thatdibuat theydi maysalah havesatu beentungku mademilik at one of the imperial kilnskekaisaran, whichyang weremerupakan homerumah tobagi thepengrajin-pengrajin mostCina highlyyang skilledpaling craftsmenterampil.<ref name=toah/><ref>Rawson; Sickman and Soper</ref> RemainsBeberapa ofbekas atungku kilnpembakaran havetelah beendi excavatedekskavasi sincesejak tahun 1983 atdi daerah Longquan (notbukan [[Longquan]]), betweenyang Beijingterletak anddekat the findspot, which seems a plausible site for their manufacture, with fragments of figures with similar characteristics found,Beijing.<ref name="Wisdom, 115–116"/> although Gillman is unconvinced by this suggestion.<ref>Gillman Lecture, long passage beginning 41:00</ref>
▲<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
▲File:Luóhàn at British Museum.jpg|British Museum, [[Seated Luohan from Yixian]]
▲File:遼 三彩羅漢像-Arhat (Luohan) MET DP163962.jpg| Yixian luohan from the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], his head turned sharply to his right
▲File:遼 三彩羅漢像-Arhat (Luohan) MET DP163966.jpg|Another at the Metropolitan from the same set, depicting an older monk
==Referensi==
{{commons category|Group of glazed pottery luohans from Yixian}}
[[Kategori:Patung Buddha]]
[[Kategori:Tiongkok]]
[[Kategori:Keramik Cina]]
[[Kategori:Patung Cina]]
=Patung Buddha Duduk dari Gandhara=
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