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=Kulah khud=
[[File:Helmet MET DP152944.jpg|thumb|right|A style of helmet known as top in India. This top came from the Deccan region.]]
A '''kulah khud''' (known in India as '''top''') is a type of helmet worn by warriors across much of Indo-Persian world from late medieval times onward. Characteristic features are the mail aventail veil, the spike holder on top, and two to three plume holders.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=23}}
Kulah khud (dikenal di India dengan nama top) adalah sebuah tipe topi baja yang digunakan oleh prajurit-prajurit di daerah Indo-Persia dimulai dRi Abad Pertengahan. Ciri-ciri kulah khud adalah pelindung rantai yang terpasang di bagian bawah helm, duri di atas, dan dua tempat bulu di sisi kiri dan kanan.
==Form and origin==
Kulah khud mungkin berasal dari Asia Tengah. [2] Mereka dicatat untuk dipakai sebagian besar orang Indo-Persia di wilayah ini, mis. orang Arab, Persia, Turki dan India. Mereka biasanya terbuat dari baja. Kulah khud berbentuk mangkuk, baik rendah maupun datar, atau tinggi dan runcing. Ini mungkin berisi soket spike di bagian atas helm, yang menyerupai ujung tombak dengan bagian seperti salib. Dua (atau tiga) pemegang plume dilekatkan pada kedua sisi tengkorak, digunakan untuk memasang bulu seperti egret. [3] [4]
Fitur kulah khud yang paling mencolok adalah aventail surat besi dan kuningan atau kuningan dan tembaga yang tergantung di dasar helm untuk melindungi leher, bahu, dan bait pada wajah. Terkadang, surat aventail meluas ke bawah untuk menutupi mata dan bahkan hidungnya. Ujung bawah aventail surat sering bekerja dalam bentuk lonjakan segitiga, sehingga bisa tetap terbungkus relatif di sisi depan dan belakang bahu pejuang. [4]
Batang hidung geser yang terbuat dari besi atau baja menempel pada bagian depan helm dengan braket dan dapat disesuaikan pada posisinya. Bila tidak digunakan, bar hidung bisa diikat dengan kaitan dan kait, atau kadang dengan sekrup set. Dua ujung bar hidung diperluas menjadi piring, membentuk semacam finial. Di beberapa helm India, ujung bawah batang hidung sangat membesar dalam bentuk bulan sabit sehingga menutupi sebagian besar wajah di bawah mata. Ada versi langka dari kulah khud dimana ada tiga besi hidung untuk melindungi hidung dan pipi. [4]
The kulah khud probably originated in Central Asia.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=170}} They were recorded to be worn by most Indo-Persians of the region, e.g. the [[Arabs]], [[Persian]]s, [[Turkish people|Turkish]] and [[Indian people|Indian]]. They were usually made of steel. Kulah khud is bowl-shaped, either low and flat, or high and pointed. it may contain a spike socket at the top of the helmet, which resembles a spearhead with its cross-like section. Two (or three) plume holders are attached on either side of the skull, used to mount feathers such as the [[egret]].{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=268}}{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=51}}
The kulah khud's most striking feature is the iron-and-brass or brass-and-copper mail aventail that hung at the base of the helmet to protect the neck, shoulders, and the temple of the face. Sometimes, the mail aventail extends down to cover the eyes and even the nose. The low end of the mail aventail is often worked in a form of triangular spikes, so that they could stay relatively affixed on the front- and back-side of the warrior's shoulder.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=51}}
A sliding nasal bar made of iron or steel is attached to the front of the helmet with a bracket and can be adjusted in position. When not in use, the nasal bar could be fastened up by a link and hook, or sometimes by a set screw. The two ends of the nasal bar expanded into plates, forming a kind of finial. In some of the Indian helmets, the lower end of the nasal bar is enormously enlarged in a crescent form so that it cover most of face below the eyes. There is a rare version of the kulah khud where there are three nasal irons to protect the nose and the cheeks.{{sfn|Stone|2013|p=51}}
==Decoration==
[[File:Helmet, Arm Guard, and Shield MET 36.25.64 006mar2015.jpg|thumb|left|A highly ornate top from 18th-century Mughal warrior.]]
The kulah khud has a relatively similar identifiable form, but their decoration greatly varies. Parts of the kulah khud, especially the skull and the nasal bar, were heavily decorated with patterned motifs of inlaid brass, silver or gold; or decorated with figural images. A Mughal top helmet features calligraphic inscriptions from [[Quran]], supposedly to protect the wearer from harm or to gain a speedy victory. A top discovered in [[Gwalior]], India, features a skull-and-crossed-bones motif, a sign of European influence. The upper and lower finial of the nasal bar is also the focus of artistic decoration in the kulah khud. One example is an image of the elephant-headed Hindu god [[Ganesha]] carved on the upper finial of the nasal bar of a Sikh top.{{sfn|Gahir|Spencer|2006|p=268}}
Kulah khud memiliki bentuk pengenal yang relatif sama, namun dekorasi mereka sangat beragam. Bagian dari kulah khud, terutama tengkorak dan nasal bar, dihiasi dengan motif bermotif kuningan, perak atau emas bertatah; atau dihiasi dengan gambar figural. Helm top Mughal menampilkan prasasti kaligrafi dari Quran, yang seharusnya melindungi pemakainya dari bahaya atau untuk mendapatkan kemenangan yang cepat. Bagian atas yang ditemukan di Gwalior, India, menampilkan motif tengkorak dan lintang tulang, tanda pengaruh Eropa. Bagian atas dan bawah nasal bar juga merupakan fokus hiasan artistik di kulah khud. Salah satu contohnya adalah gambar dewa Hindu berkepala gajah Ganesha yang diukir di ujung atas batang hidung bagian atas Sikh.
==Revival==
Despite modernization of Iran’s military in the nineteenth century, traditional armor continued to be manufactured. They are often served only for military parades, as costume for religious or historic plays, or as souvernirs. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/25031 |title=Helmet (Khula Khud) |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
Meskipun modernisasi militer Iran di abad kesembilan belas, armor tradisional terus diproduksi. Mereka sering dilayani hanya untuk parade militer, sebagai kostum untuk drama religius atau sejarah, atau sebagai souvernir.
==Lihat juga==
{{commonscat|Kulah khud}}
==Referensi==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Bibliografi==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Gahir |editor1-first=Sunita |editor2-last=Spencer |editor2-first=Sharon |date=2006 |title=Weapon - A Visual History of Arms and Armor |url= |location=New York City |publisher=DK Publishing |isbn=9780756622107 |ref={{sfnref|Gahir|Spencer|2006}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Stone |first=George Cameron |date=2013 |title=A Glossary of the Construction, Decoration and Use of Arms and Armor: in All Countries and in All Times |url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=chVfUm2Hz3MC |location=Dover |publisher=Courier Corporation |isbn=9780486131290|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}
[[Kategori:Perang]]
=Dao=
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