[[Category:Modern obsolete currencies]]
=Pasak pondasi Hurri=
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Hurrian foundation pegs
| image2 =
| image =[[File:Urkish lion - 21st century BC - Louvre AO 19937, AO 19938.jpg|250px]]
| image_caption = The Louvre lion and accompanying stone tablet
| material =[[Copper]], [[limestone]]
| period =[[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian]]/[[Hurrians|Hurrian]]
| size =Louvre lion: {{convert|12.2|x|8.5|cm|abbr=on}}<br>Limestone tablet: {{convert|10|x|9|cm|abbr=on}}<br>Met lion: {{convert|11.7|x|7.9|cm|abbr=on}}
| writing = Cuneiform inscription in [[Hurrian language|Hurrian]]
| created ={{circa|2300|2159 BCE}}
| discovered =Unknown
| place = Temple of [[Nergal]], [[Urkesh]], [[Syria]]
| location =[[Musée du Louvre]], [[Paris]]<br>[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[New York City|New York]]
| id =Louvre lion: [http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=16795 AO 19938]<br>Louvre tablet: [http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=16795 AO 19937]<br>Met lion: [http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/search-the-collections/30008825 48.180]
}}
The '''Hurrian foundation pegs''', also known as the '''Urkish lions''', are twin copper [[foundation peg]]s each in the shape of a lion that probably came from the ancient city of [[Urkesh]] (modern Tell Mozan) in [[Syria]]. The pegs were placed at the [[Foundation (engineering)|foundation]] of the temple of [[Nergal]] in the city of Urkesh as mentioned in the [[cuneiform]] inscriptions on them. The inscription on the two pegs and the associated stone tablet is the oldest known text in the [[Hurrian language]]. One of the lions is now housed, along with its limestone tablet, in the [[Musée du Louvre]] in [[Paris]]. The second lion is on display at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] in [[New York City|New York]].<ref name="louvre">{{cite web|url=http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/hurrian-foundation-deposit-known-urkish-lion|title=A Hurrian foundation deposit known as the "Urkish Lion"|first1=Claire|last1=Iselin|last2=André-Salvini|first2=Béatrice|publisher=[[Musée du Louvre]]|accessdate=2 December 2012}}</ref>
==Overview==
The foundation pegs are dated to the [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian period]] {{circa|2300|2159 BCE}}.<ref name=Aruz222>Aruz; Wallenfels, 2003, p. 222.</ref> They were placed in the foundation of the temple of [[Nergal]], the god of the underworld, during its construction. The pegs were deposited to protect and preserve the temple and the [[Hurrians|Hurrian]] prince of [[Urkesh]], [[Tish-atal]], who dedicated it.<ref name=Aruz223>Aruz; Wallenfels, 2003, p. 223.</ref> The upper part of the figurines depict a snarling lion with the forelegs stretched forward, while the lower part ends in a thick peg. The lion places its paws on a copper plaque with [[cuneiform]] inscriptions.<ref name=Aruz222/> The copper plate and the lion pegs were made separately and then attached together.<ref name=Aruz223/> The use of such lion figures for protection was commonplace in [[Mesopotamia|Ancient Mesopotamia]], but the Urkish lions are unique in their use as foundation pegs.<ref name=Aruz222/>
===Louvre lion and tablet===
The Louvre lion measures {{convert|12.2|by|8.5|cm}} while the attached plaque is {{convert|8.5|cm}} wide. The inscription on the copper plaque is largely erased but the legible parts confirm that it is a copy of the cuneiform inscription found on the stone tablet.<ref name="louvre"/> The white [[limestone]] tablet, which fits under the copper plate and measures {{convert|10|by|9|cm}},<ref name="louvre"/><ref name=Aruz222/> bears the following inscription:
{{quote|"[[Tish-atal|Tishatal]], [Endan] king of [[Urkesh]], has built a temple for the god [[Nergal]]. May the god Nubadag protect this temple. May Nubadag destroy whomsoever seeks to destroy [it]; may his god not listen to his prayers. May the Lady of [[Tell Brak|Nagar]], [the sun god] Shimiga, and the god of the storm [curse 10,000 times whomsoever might seek to destroy it]."}}
The inscription is the earliest known text written in the [[Hurrian language]].<ref name="louvre"/> The stone tablet was buried along with the metal peg as evidenced by the imprints of the copper oxide on the tablet, and the reverse imprints of the tablet in the oxide of the copper plate.<ref name=Muscarella495>Muscarella, 1988, p. 495.</ref>
===Metropolitan Museum lion===
[[File:Foundation peg in the form of the forepart of a lion MET DP226594.jpg|thumb|Foundation peg in the form of the forepart of a lion, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].]]
The Met lion measures {{convert|11.7|by|7.9|cm}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Foundation peg in the form of the forepart of a lion {{!}} Hurrian {{!}} Early Bronze Age {{!}} The Met|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/329078|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum}}</ref><ref name=Aruz222/> and while it was made from a different mold to that of the Louvre, it is considered stylistically the same.<ref name=Muscarella495/> The copper tablet still has legible traces of the cuneiform inscriptions. The inscriptions spanned fourteen lines. Lines 1–12 were incised vertically between the edge of the plate and the lion's left foreleg. Lines 13 and 14 were incised horizontally between the two stretched forelegs of the lion. The legible traces seem to confirm that the inscribed text is also a copy of the full inscription found on the Louvre stone tablet.<ref name=Muscarella494>Muscarella, 1988, p. 494.</ref>
==Acquisition==
Neither artefact has an archaeological record for its acquisition, and thus their original setting can not be confirmed. The Louvre lion and accompanying stone tablet were acquired in 1948 from a Parisian antiquities dealer. The Met lion was also purchased in 1948 from a New York antiquities dealer with funds from the [[Joseph Pulitzer|Joseph Pulitzer Bequest]].<ref name=Muscarella496>Muscarella, 1988, p. 496.</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Syria|Ancient Near East}}
*[[Art of Mesopotamia]]
*[[Hurrian language]]
==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book| url = http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/189351 | title = Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. From the Mediterranean to the Indus | isbn = 9781588390431 | last1= Aruz | first1 = Joan | last2 = Wallenfels | first2 = Ronald| year = 2003|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}
*{{Cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5sxqNhfmcQUC&pg=PA377&dq=hurrian+foundation+peg#v=onepage&q=hurrian%20foundation%20peg%20mould&f=false | title = Bronze and Iron: Ancient Near Eastern Artifacts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art | isbn = 9780870995255 | last1 = Muscarella | first1 = Oscar White | authorlink1=Oscar White Muscarella|year = 1988|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art}}
{{refend}}
[[Category:Urkesh]]
[[Category:3rd-millennium BC works]]
[[Category:Sculpture of the Ancient Near East]]
[[Category:Syrian art]]
[[Category:Archaeological discoveries in Syria]]
[[Category:Antiquities of the Louvre]]
[[Category:Copper sculptures]]
[[Category:Cuneiform]]
[[Category:Hurro-Urartian languages]]
[[Category:Architecture in collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
[[Category:Sculptures of the Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
[[Category:Metalwork of the Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
[[Category:Lions in art]]
=Temuan Tell Asmar=
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