SMS Goeben: Perbedaan antara revisi
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== Angkatan laut kekaisaran Jerman ==
Angkatan Laut Kekaisaran Jerman memesan Goeben pada perusahan galangan kapal Jerman Blohm & Voss sebagai kapal tempur ketiga mereka pada 8 April 1909 dengan menggunakan nama pemesanan "H dan nomor konstruksi 201. Kerangka baja dari kapal ini berhasil diselesaikan pada 19 Agustus di tahun yang sama, dan pada 28 Maret 1911 kapal ini resmi diluncurkan. Setelah melakukan berbagai penyesuaian, kapal ini kemudian diserahkan untuk beroperasi kepada angkatan laut Jerman pada 2 Juli 1912.
SMS Goeben dan SMS Breslau bertugas sebagai satu-satunya skuadron kapal Kekaisaran Jerman yang berpatroli di sekitar Laut Tengah sejak 4 November 1912, pascameletusnya [[Perang Balkan Pertama]].{{sfn|Tuchman|p=166}}{{sfn|German ships Goeben and Breslau reach Constantinople}} Pada periode ini, SMS Goeben dan Breslau tidak pernah terlibat kontak senjata di Laut Tengah, SMS Goeben yang merupakan salah satu kapal penjelajah tempur paling canggih pada masa itu, berfokus membawa misi propaganda Kekaisaran Jerman untuk menanamkan pengaruhnya pada daerah-daerah di sekitar Laut Tengah. Beberapa kota pelabuhan yang sering dikunjungi diantaranya : [[Venesia]], [[Napoli]], [[Pula]], dan [[Levant]].{{sfn|Staff|p=18}}{{sfn|Superior Force}} Pada periode April hingga September 1913, kedua kapal ini kemudian bergabung dengan dua kapal penjelajah ringan lainnya milik Kekaisaran Jerman, [[SMS Dresden]] dan [[SMS Strasbourg|Strasbourg]], untuk berpatroli di [[Laut Adriatik]].{{sfn|Staff|p=18}} Namun, setelah meletusnya Perang Balkan Kedua, SMS Goeben dan Breslau kembali ditugaskan untuk berpatroli di Laut Tengah.{{sfn|Superior Force}} Pada saat meletusnya Perang dunia I, kedua kapal ini sebenarnya ditugaskan untuk memantau dan mengganggu pergerakan pasukan [[Perancis]] dari koloninya di [[Aljazair]].{{sfn|Massie|p=27 :"To bar the passage of the French troopships was one of the purposes for which Goeben had been sent to the Mediterranean in 1912...."}}{{sfn|Superior Force}}
====== Pascaresmi beroperasi ======▼
The Imperial German Navy (''Kaiserliche Marine'') ordered ''Goeben'', the third German battlecruiser, on 8 April 1909 under the provisional name "H" from the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg, under construction number 201. Her keel was laid on 19 August; the hull was completed and the ship was launched on 28 March 1911. Fitting-out work followed, and she was commissioned into the German Navy on 2 July 1912.
When the First Balkan War broke out in October 1912, the German General Staff determined that a naval Mediterranean Division (''Mittelmeer-Division'') was needed to project German power in the Mediterranean, and thus dispatched ''Goeben'' and the light cruiser ''Breslau'' to Constantinople. The two ships left Kiel on 4 November and arrived on 15 November 1912. Beginning in April 1913, ''Goeben'' visited many Mediterranean ports including Venice, Pola, and Naples, before sailing into Albanian waters. Following this trip, ''Goeben'' returned to Pola and remained there from 21 August to 16 October for maintenance.
On 29 June 1913, the Second Balkan War broke out and the Mediterranean Division was retained in the area. On 23 October 1913, ''Konteradmiral'' Souchon assumed command of the squadron. ''Goeben'' and ''Breslau'' continued their activities in the Mediterranean, and visited some 80 ports before the outbreak of World War I. The navy made plans to replace ''Goeben'' with her sister ''Moltke'', but the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on 28 June 1914 and the subsequent rise in tensions between the Great Powers made this impossible.
After the assassination, Admiral Souchon assessed that war was imminent between the Central Powers and the Triple Entente, and ordered his ships to make for Pola for repairs.Engineers came from Germany to work on the ship. ''Goeben'' had 4,460 boiler tubes replaced, among other repairs. Upon completion, the ships departed for Messina.
====== Pengejaran kapal Goeben dan Breslau ======
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====== Perang Dunia II ======
Yavuz berserta kapal-kapal pengiringnya pasca-Perang Dunia I masih ditugaskan untuk berpatroli di perairan Turki di kawasan Laut Hitam. Tidak seperti Perang Dunia I, ketika Perang Dunia II pecah pada tahun 1939, Turki memilih untuk tetap netral. Salah satu faktor utamanya adalah korban jiwa yang mencapai 5 juta jiwa ditambah dengan terlepasnya sebagian besar daerah kekuasaan Kekaisaran Ottoman pada Perang Dunia I. Walau dalam posisi netral, Turki tetap melengkapi sistem persenjataan Yavuz dengan menambah berbagai jenis meriam anti pesawat. Pada tahun 1941, pemerintah Turki menambahkan meriam anti pesawat berkaliber 88mm sebanyak 4 buah, kaliber 40mm sebanyak 10 buah, dan kaliber 20mm sebanyak 4 buah. Pemerintah Turki kembali meningkatkan persenjataan anti pesawat Yavuz dengan menambahkan 22 meriam anti pesawat berkaliber 40mm dan 24 lainnya berkaliber 20mm.
====== Pasca-Perang Dunia II ======
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* {{cite book|title=German Warships: 1815–1945|last=Gröner|first=Erich|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1990|isbn=0-87021-790-9|location=Annapolis, Maryland|ref={{sfnRef|Gröner}}}}
* {{cite book
| last = Halpern
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| ref = {{sfnRef|Langensiepen & Güleryüz}}
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* {{cite book|title=Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany and the winning of the Great War|last=Massie|first=Robert|publisher=Random House|year=2004|isbn=0-224-04092-8|ref={{sfnRef|Massie}}|authorlink=Robert Massie}}
* {{cite book
| last = McLaughlin
Baris 375 ⟶ 386:
| ref = {{sfnRef|McLaughlin}}
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* {{cite book|title=The Flight of the "Goeben" and the "Breslau" : An Episode in Naval History|last=Milne|first=A. Berkeley|publisher=Eveleigh Nash Company|year=1921|location=London, Inggris|ref={{sfnRef|Milne}}}}
* {{cite book
| last = Nekrasov
Baris 420 ⟶ 432:
| ref = {{sfnRef|Stillwell}}
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* {{cite book|title=The First World War|last=Strachan|first=Hew|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-19-820877-4|location=New York|ref={{sfnRef|Strachan}}}}
* {{cite book
| editor-last = Sturton
Baris 431 ⟶ 444:
| ref = {{sfnRef|Sturton}}
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* {{cite book|title=The Guns of August|last=Tuchman|first=Barbara W,|publisher=Bantam Books|year=1962|isbn=0-553-25401-4|location=[[New York]]|oclc=|ref={{sfnRef|Tuchman}}|authorlink=Barbara W. Tuchman}}
* {{cite book
| last = Whitley
Baris 462 ⟶ 476:
| ref = {{sfnRef|Worth}}
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/german-ships-goeben-and-breslau-reach-constantinople|title=10 August, This day in History : German ships Goeben and Breslau reach Constantinople|publisher=History Channel|accessdate=22 November 2017|ref={{sfnRef|German ships Goeben and Breslau reach Constantinople}}}}
* {{cite book|title=The Royal Navy and Maritime Power in the Twentieth Century|last=Andrew|first=Gordon|publisher=Frank Cass Publishing|year=2005|isbn=0-415-35004-2|editor-last=Ian|editor-first=Speller|location=Abingdon|chapter=The transition to war: the Goeben debacle, August 1914|ref={{sfnRef|Gordon}}}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-163/guns-of-august-1914-2014-the-terrible-ifs-accumulate-the-escape-of-the-goeben/|title=GUNS OF AUGUST 1914-2014 – “The Terrible ‘Ifs’ Accumulate”: The Escape of the Goeben|publisher=INTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETY|accessdate=22 November 2017|ref={{sfnRef|Guns of August}}}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20140831/life-features/the-pursuit-of-sms-goeben-and-sms-breslau-the-malta-garrison-and.533885|title=The pursuit of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau, the Malta garrison and German POWs in 1914|publisher=Times of Malta|accessdate=22 November 2017|ref={{sfnRef|the Malta garrison}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/the-man-who-let-goeben-escape.htm|title=The Man Who Let Goeben Escape|publisher=HistoryNet|accessdate=22 November 2017|ref={{sfnRef|The Man Who Let Goeben Escape}}}}
* {{cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/ottoman-empire/enters-the-war|title=The Ottoman Empire|publisher=New Zaeland History|accessdate=22 November 2017|ref={{sfnRef|The Ottoman Empire}}}}
* {{cite journal|last=Trumpener|first=Ulrich|year=1966|title=Liman von Sanders and the German-Ottoman Alliance|journal=Journal of Contemporary History|location=London|publisher=SAGE Journals|volume=1|issue=4|pages=179 - 192|doi=10.1177/002200946600100407|ref={{sfnRef|Trumpener}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.superiorforce.co.uk/|title=Superior Force : The Conspiracy Behind the Escape of Goeben and Breslau|publisher=Superior Force|accessdate=22 November 2017|ref={{sfnRef|Superior Force}}}}
'''Other sources'''
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| ref = {{sfnRef|Second Hague Convention, Section 13}}
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== Pranala Luar ==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/german-ships-goeben-and-breslau-reach-constantinople|title=10 August, This day in History : German ships Goeben and Breslau reach Constantinople|publisher=History Channel|accessdate=22 November 2017|ref={{sfnRef|German ships Goeben and Breslau reach Constantinople}}}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-163/guns-of-august-1914-2014-the-terrible-ifs-accumulate-the-escape-of-the-goeben/|title=GUNS OF AUGUST 1914-2014 – “The Terrible ‘Ifs’ Accumulate”: The Escape of the Goeben|publisher=INTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETY|accessdate=22 November 2017|ref={{sfnRef|Guns of August}}}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20140831/life-features/the-pursuit-of-sms-goeben-and-sms-breslau-the-malta-garrison-and.533885|title=The pursuit of SMS Goeben and SMS Breslau, the Malta garrison and German POWs in 1914|publisher=Times of Malta|accessdate=22 November 2017|ref={{sfnRef|the Malta garrison}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/the-man-who-let-goeben-escape.htm|title=The Man Who Let Goeben Escape|publisher=HistoryNet|accessdate=22 November 2017|ref={{sfnRef|The Man Who Let Goeben Escape}}}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.superiorforce.co.uk/|title=Superior Force : The Conspiracy Behind the Escape of Goeben and Breslau|publisher=Superior Force|accessdate=22 November 2017|ref={{sfnRef|Superior Force}}}}
* {{cite web|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/ottoman-empire/enters-the-war|title=The Ottoman Empire|publisher=New Zaeland History|accessdate=22 November 2017|ref={{sfnRef|The Ottoman Empire}}}}
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