Kelompok minoritas di Turki: Perbedaan antara revisi
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== Etnis minoritas ==
=== Abdal ===
{{Main article|Abdal of Turkey}}
Groups of nomadic and semi-nomadic itinerants found mainly in central and western [[Anatolia]]. They speak an [[argot]] of their own and follow the [[Alevi]] faith.<ref>Abdal by Peter Alford Andrews pages 435 to 438 in Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey / compiled and edited by Peter Alford Andrews, with the assistance of Rüdiger Benninghaus (Wiesbaden : Dr. Ludwig Reichert, 1989) {{ISBN|3-88226-418-7}}</ref>
=== Afghans ===
{{Main article|Afghans in Turkey}}
Afghans are one of the largest irregular migrant groups in Turkey. From the period 2003-2007, the number of Afghans apprehended were significant, with statistics almost doubling during the last year. Most had fled the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]]. In 2005, refugees from Afghanistan numbered 300 and made a sizeable proportion of Turkey's registered migrants.<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/home/PUBL/4492678ae.pdf UNHCR Ankara Office]</ref> Most of them were spread out over satellite cities with [[Van, Turkey|Van]] and [[Ağrı]] being the most specific locations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldrefugeesurvey.org/images/b/bb/TurkeyMap.jpg |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-02-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601183426/http://www.worldrefugeesurvey.org/images/b/bb/TurkeyMap.jpg |archivedate=2010-06-01 |df= }}</ref> In the following years, the number of Afghans entering Turkey greatly increased, second only to migrants from Iraq; in 2009, there were 16,000 people designated under the Iraq-Afghanistan category. Despite a dramatic 50 percent reduction by 2010, reports confirmed hundreds living and working in Turkey.<ref>http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=205790{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As of January 2010, Afghans consisted one-sixth of the 26,000 remaining refugees and asylum seekers.<ref>http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e48e0fa7f.html</ref> By the end 2011, their numbers are expected to surge up to 10,000, making them the largest population and surpass other groups.
=== Africans ===
{{Main article|Afro Turks}}
Beginning several centuries ago, a number of Africans, usually via [[Zanzibar]] as [[Zanj]] and from places such as [[Niger]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Libya]], [[Kenya]] and [[Sudan]],<ref name="todayszaman.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=141522 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827055914/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=141522|archivedate=27 August 2008 |title=Turks with African ancestors want their existence to be felt|work=Today's Zaman |date= 11 May 2008 |accessdate= 28 August 2008 |publisher=Todayszaman.com }}</ref> came to the [[Ottoman Empire]] settled by the [[Dalaman]], [[Menderes, İzmir|Menderes]] and [[Gediz, Kütahya|Gediz]] valleys, [[Manavgat]], and [[Çukurova]]. African quarters of 19th-century [[İzmir]], including Sabırtaşı, Dolapkuyu, Tamaşalık, İkiçeşmelik, and Ballıkuyu, are mentioned in contemporary records.<ref name="radikal.com.tr">{{cite web|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/Default.aspx?aType=Detay&ArticleID=896230&Date=30.08.2008&CategoryID=79 |title=Afro-Türklerin tarihi, ''Radikal'', 30 August 2008, retrieved 22 January 2009 |publisher=Radikal.com.tr |date=2008-08-30 |accessdate=2012-05-03}}</ref>
===Albanians===
{{main article|Albanians in Turkey}}
A 2008 report from the [[Turkish National Security Council]] (MGK) estimated that approximately 1.3 million people of Albanian ancestry live in Turkey, and more than 500,000 recognizing their ancestry, language and culture. There are other estimates however that place the number of people in Turkey with Albanian ancestry and or background upward to 5 million.<ref name="Saunders98">{{cite book|last=Saunders|first=Robert A.|title=Ethnopolitics in Cyberspace: The Internet, Minority Nationalism, and the Web of Identity|year=2011|location=Lanham|publisher=Lexington Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vM5hZEsdz94C&pg=PA98&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780739141946|ref=harv|page=98}}</ref>
However, these assumptions of the Turkish government are rejected by scholars who explain they are without any basis.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bernard Lewis|title=The Emergence of Modern Turkey|page=82}}</ref>{{qn|date=September 2017}}
=== Arabs ===
{{Main article|Arabs in Turkey}}
{{Further information|Iraqis in Turkey}}
Arabs in Turkey number between 800,000 and 1 million, and they mostly live in provinces near the Syrian border, particularly the [[Hatay Province|Hatay]] region, where they made up two thirds of the population in 1939.<ref>''Turkey: A Country Study'', Federal Research Division, Kessinger Publishing, June 30, 2004 - 392 pages. Page 140 [https://books.google.com/books?id=EzzYk_gzpJ0C&pg=PA142&lpg=PA142&dq=arabs+in+turkey+1+million&source=bl&ots=DmeMgSSIm3&sig=WQY_eSeqLuysUyEJ76D6uRRe7D0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xv1eUICaJ4G2hAeXzYCQDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=arabs%20in%20turkey%201%20million&f=false].</ref> However, including recent Syrian refugees, they make up to 5.3% {{cn|date=September 2017}} of the population. Most of them are [[Sunni]] Muslims.{{cn|date=September 2017}} However, there is a small group of [[Alawi]]s, and another one of [[Arab Christians]] (mostly in [[Hatay Province]]) in communion with the [[Antiochian Orthodox Church]].{{cn|date=September 2017}}
=== Armenians ===
{{Main article|Armenians in Turkey}}
{{Further information|Armenian Genocide}}
{{Further information|Hemshin peoples}}
{{Further information|Hidden Armenians}}
Armenians are indigenous to the [[Armenian Highlands]] which corresponds to the eastern half of modern-day Turkey, the Republic of Armenia, southern Georgia, western Azerbaijan, and northwestern Iran. Although in 1880 the word ''Armenia'' was banned from being used in the press, schoolbooks, and governmental establishments in Turkey and was subsequently replaced with words like eastern Anatolia or northern Kurdistan, Armenians had maintained much of their culture and heritage.<ref>Modern History of Armenia in the Works of Foreign Authors [Novaya istoriya Armenii v trudax sovremennix zarubezhnix avtorov], edited by R. Sahakyan, Yerevan, 1993, p. 15 (in Russian)</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Blundell|first=Roger Boar, Nigel|title=Crooks, crime and corruption|year=1991|publisher=Dorset Press|location=New York|isbn=9780880296151|page=232}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Balakian|first=Peter|title=The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=9780061860171|page=36}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Books|first=the editors of Time-Life|title=The World in arms : timeframe AD 1900-1925|year=1989|publisher=Time-Life Books|location=Alexandria, Va.|isbn=9780809464708|edition=U.S.|page=84}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=K. Al-Rawi|first=Ahmed|title=Media Practice in Iraq.|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230354524|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhMoMFuO--gC&lpg=PA9&dq=armenia%20word%20banned%20abdul&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q=armenia%20word%20banned%20abdul&f=false|accessdate=16 January 2013|page=9}}</ref> The Armenian population of Turkey was greatly reduced following the [[Hamidian massacres]] and especially the [[Armenian Genocide]], when over one and half million Armenians, virtually the entire Armenian population of Anatolia, were massacred. Prior to the Genocide in 1914, the Armenian population of Turkey numbered at about 1,914,620.<ref>[http://www.armenian- history.com/books/Arm-pop-Ottoman-Emp.pdf THE POPULATION OF THE OTTOMAN ARMENIANS by Justin McCarthy]</ref><ref>Raymond H. Kevorkian and Paul B. Paboudjian, ''Les Arméniens dans l'Empire Ottoman à la vielle du génocide'', Ed. ARHIS, Paris, 1992</ref> The Armenian community of the Ottoman Empire before the Armenian genocide had an estimated 2,300 churches and 700 schools (with 82,000 students).<ref name=Bedrosyan>{{cite news|last=Bedrosyan|first=Raffi|title=Bedrosyan: Searching for Lost Armenian Churches and Schools in Turkey|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2011/08/01/searching-for-lost-armenian-churches-and-schools-in-turkey/|accessdate=5 February 2013|newspaper=The Armenian Weekly|date=August 1, 2011}}</ref> This figure excludes churches and schools belonging to the Protestant and Catholic Armenian parishes since only those churches and schools under the jurisdiction of the Istanbul Armenian Patriarchate and the Apostolic Church were counted.<ref name=Bedrosyan /> After the Armenian genocide however, it is estimated that 200,000 Armenians remained in Turkey.<ref>{{cite news|title=ONLY 200,000 ARMENIANS NOW LEFT IN TURKEY|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0815FA395D16738DDDAB0A94D8415B858DF1D3|accessdate=5 February 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=October 22, 1915}}</ref> Today there are an estimated 40,000 to 70,000 Armenians in Turkey, not including the [[Hamshenis]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Turay | first=Anna | title=Tarihte Ermeniler | publisher=[http://www.bolsohays.com Bolsohays: Istanbul Armenians] | url=http://www.bolsohays.com/webac.asp?referans=1 | accessdate=2007-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.taraf.com.tr/Yazar.asp?id=12
|accessdate=2008-09-02
|title=Türk Ermenisiz, Ermeni Türksüz olmaz!
|work=[[Taraf]]
|first=Ayşe
|last=Hür
|date=2008-08-31
|quote=Sonunda nüfuslarını 70 bine indirmeyi başardık.
|language=Turkish
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902110745/http://www.taraf.com.tr/yazar.asp?id=12
|archivedate=2008-09-02
|df=
}}</ref>
Armenians under the Turkish Republican era were subjected to many policies which attempted to abolish Armenian cultural heritage such as the [[Surname Law|Turkification of last names]], [[Islamification]], [[Geographical name changes in Turkey|geographical name changes]], [[Confiscated Armenian properties in Turkey|confiscation of properties]], [[Animal name changes in Turkey|change of animal names]],<ref name=Animals>{{cite news|title=Turkey renames 'divisive' animals|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4328285.stm|accessdate=16 January 2013|newspaper=BBC|date=8 March 2005|quote=Animal name changes: Red fox known as Vulpes Vulpes Kurdistanica becomes Vulpes Vulpes. Wild sheep called Ovis Armeniana becomes Ovis Orientalis Anatolicus Roe deer known as Capreolus Capreolus Armenus becomes Capreolus Cuprelus Capreolus.}}</ref> change of the names of Armenian historical figures (i.e. the name of the prominent [[Balyan family]] were concealed under an identity of a superficial Italian family called Baliani),<ref>{{cite news|title=Yiğidi öldürmek ama hakkını da vermek...|url=http://www.lraper.org/main.aspx?Action=DisplayNews&NewsCode=N000001527&Lang=TR|accessdate=16 January 2013|newspaper=Lraper|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021094318/http://www.lraper.org/main.aspx?Action=DisplayNews&NewsCode=N000001527&Lang=TR|archivedate=21 October 2013|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Patrik II. Mesrob Hazretleri 6 Agustos 2006 Pazar|url=http://www.bolsohays.com/haberdetay-32339/patrik-ii-mesrob-hazretleri-6-agustos-2006-pazar-kumkapi-daki-surp-asdvadzadzin-meryem-ana-pat.html|accessdate=16 January 2013|newspaper=Bolsohays News|date=August 7, 2006|language=Turkish}}</ref> and the change and distortion of Armenian historical events.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=ed. by Richard G.|title=The Armenian genocide in perspective|year=1991|publisher=Transaction|location=New Brunswick, NJ [u.a.]|isbn=9780887386367|edition=4. pr.}}</ref>
Armenians today are mostly concentrated around [[Istanbul]]. The [[Armenians]] support their own newspapers and schools. The majority belong to the [[Armenian Apostolic]] faith, with much smaller numbers of [[Armenian Catholic Church|Armenian Catholics]] and [[Armenian Evangelical Church|Armenian Evangelicals]]. The community currently functions 34,{{clarify|reason=34 what? Churches?|date=July 2016}} 18 schools, and 2 hospitals.<ref name=Bedrosyan />
=== Assyrians ===
{{Main article|Assyrians in Turkey}}
{{Further information|Assyrian genocide}}
[[Assyrian people|Assyrians]] were once a large ethnic minority in the [[Ottoman Empire]], but following the early 20th century [[Assyrian Genocide]], many were murdered, deported, or ended up emigrating. Those that remain live in small numbers in their [[Tur Abdin|indigenous South Eastern Turkey]] (although in larger numbers than other groups murdered in [[Armenian Genocide|Armenian]] or [[Greek genocide]]s) and Istanbul. They number around 30,000.
=== Australians ===
{{Main article|Australians in Turkey}}
There are as many as 12,000 '''Australians in Turkey.'''<ref>[http://www.southern-cross-group.org/archives/Statistics/Numbers_of_Australians_Overseas_in_2001_by_Region_Feb_2002.pdf Numbers of Australians Overseas in 2001 by Region - Southern Cross Group] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720101723/http://www.southern-cross-group.org/archives/Statistics/Numbers_of_Australians_Overseas_in_2001_by_Region_Feb_2002.pdf |date=2008-07-20 }}</ref> Of these, the overwhelming majority are in the capital [[Ankara]] (roughly 10,000) while the remaining are in [[Istanbul]]. Australian expatriates in Turkey form one of the largest overseas Australian groups in [[Europe]] and [[Asia]]. The vast majority of Australian nationals in Turkey are [[Turkish Australian]]s.
=== Azerbaijanis ===
{{Main article|Azerbaijanis in Turkey}}
It is hard to determine how many ethnic [[Azeris]] currently reside in Turkey because ethnicity is a rather fluid concept in this country.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/turkey/turkey993-08.htm Human Rights Watch] 1999 Report on Turkey</ref> and According to the [[Looklex Encyclopaedia]], [[Azerbaijani people]] make up 800,000 of [[Turkey]]'s population.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://looklex.com/e.o/turkey.peoples.htm |title=Turkey-Peoples |publisher=[[Looklex Encyclopaedia]] |date= |accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref> Up to 300,000 of Azeris who reside in Turkey are citizens of [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>[http://www.azerbaijantoday.az:8101/life.html Life of Azerbaijanis in Turkey] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031229094340/http://www.azerbaijantoday.az:8101/Life.html |date=2003-12-29 }}. An interview with Sayyad Aran, Consul General of the Azerbaijan Republic to Istanbul. ''Azerbaijan Today''</ref> In the [[Eastern Anatolia Region]], Azeris are sometimes referred to as ''acem'' (see [[Ajam]]) or ''tat''.<ref>{{tr icon}} [http://www.durna.eu/Arshiv/qarsli.htm Qarslı bir azərbaycanlının ürək sözləri]. Erol Özaydın</ref> They currently are the largest ethnic group in the city of [[Iğdır]]<ref>{{tr icon}} Iğdır Sevdası, Mücahit Özden Hun</ref> and second largest ethnic group in [[Kars Province|Kars]].<ref>{{tr icon}} [http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2007/06/23/guncel/gun01.html KARS: AKP'nin kozu tarım desteği]. ''[[Milliyet]]''. 23 June 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2008</ref>
=== Bosniaks ===
{{Main article|Bosniaks in Turkey}}
Today, the existence of [[Bosniaks]] in the country is evident everywhere. In cities like İstanbul, Eskişehir, Ankara, İzmir, or Adana, one can easily find districts, streets, shops or restaurants with names such as Bosna, Yenibosna, Mostar, or Novi Pazar.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bernard Lewis|title=The Emergence of Modern Turkey|page=87}}</ref> However, it is extremely difficult to estimate how many Bosniaks live in this country. Some Bosnian researchers believe that the number of Bosniaks in Turkey is about four million. Turkish politicians are aware of the large number of Bosniaks living in Turkey, and, referencing this in 2010, Turkish Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] said: "There are more Bosniaks living in Turkey than in Bosnia."<ref>http://www.todayszaman.com/news-313388-the-impact-of-bosnians-on-the-turkish-stateby-karol-kujawa-.html</ref>
=== Britons ===
{{Main article|Britons in Turkey}}
There are at least 34,000 '''Britons in Turkey'''.<ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/europe.stm Brits Abroad: BBC]</ref> They consist mainly of [[United Kingdom|British]] citizens married to [[Turkey|Turkish]] spouses, [[British Turks]] who have moved back into the country, students and families of long-term expatriates employed predominately in white-collar industry.<ref name="A">{{Cite news|url=http://www.capital.com.tr/the-number-of-expats-has-reached-26000-haberler/20006.aspx|title=The Number Of Expats Has Reached 26,000|work=Capital|first=Hande|last=Yavuz}}</ref>
=== Bulgarians ===
{{Main article|Bulgarians in Turkey}}
{{Further information|Pomaks in Turkey}}
People identifying as [[Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] include a large number of the [[Pomaks|Pomak]] and a small number of Orthodox Bulgarians.<ref>The Balkans, Minorities and States in Conflict (1993), Minority Rights Publication, by Hugh Poulton, p. 111.</ref><ref>Richard V. Weekes; Muslim peoples: a world ethnographic survey, Volume 1; 1984; [https://books.google.com/books?ei=in2CTfrLDsbAswbbvr2cAw&ct=result&id=aVdIAAAAMAAJ&dq=pomaks&q=%22pomaks+exist%22#search_anchor p.612]</ref><ref>Raju G. C. Thomas; Yugoslavia unraveled: sovereignty, self-determination, intervention; 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9L6ZayN27PAC&pg=PA105&dq=pomaks&hl=en&ei=in2CTfrLDsbAswbbvr2cAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=pomaks&f=false p.105]</ref><ref>R. J. Crampton, Bulgaria, 2007, p.8</ref><ref>Janusz Bugajski, Ethnic politics in Eastern Europe: a guide to nationality policies, organizations, and parties; 1995, [https://books.google.com/books?id=m_AcqFSfvzAC&pg=PA243&dq=pomaks&hl=en&ei=G4aCTb3qNcaOswa7uLCeAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAjgy#v=onepage&q=pomaks&f=false p.237]</ref> According to [[Ethnologue]] at present 300,000 Pomaks in [[East Thrace|European Turkey]] speak Bulgarian as their mother tongue.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|editor=Gordon, Raymond G. Jr.|publisher=SIL International|location=[[Dallas, Texas]]|year=2005|edition=Fifteenth|isbn=978-1-55671-159-6|url=http://www.ethnologue.com|chapterurl=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TRE|chapter=Languages of Turkey (Europe)}}</ref>
It is very hard to estimate the number of Pomaks along with the [[turkification|Turkified]] Pomaks who live in Turkey, as they have blended into the Turkish society and have been often linguistically and culturally dissimilated.<ref name="hurriyet">{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/h.php?news=trial-sheds-light-on-shades-of-turkey-2008-06-10 |title=Trial sheds light on shades of Turkey |date=2008-06-10 |publisher=''Hurriyet Daily News and Economic Review'' |accessdate=2011-03-23 |archivedate=2011-03-23 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xPCtaAXt?url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/h.php?news=trial-sheds-light-on-shades-of-turkey-2008-06-10 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> According to ''[[Milliyet]]'' and ''[[Turkish Daily News]]'' reports, the number of Pomaks along with the Turkified Pomaks in the country is about 600,000.<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı">
{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&Kategori=yasam&ArticleID=873452&Date=07.06.2008&ver=16|title=Milliyet - Turkified Pomaks in Turkey|publisher=www.milliyet.com.tr|accessdate=2011-02-08|last=|first=|language=tr}}</ref><ref name="hurriyet"/> According to the Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Bulgarian [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christian]] community in Turkey stands at 500 members.<ref>[http://www.mfa.bg/bg/pages/view/5360 "Българската общност в Република Турция "]</ref>
===Central Asian Turkic peoples===
Turkey received refugees from among the Pakistan-based Kazakhs, Turkmen, Kirghiz, and Uzbeks numbering 3,800 originally from Afghanistan during the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B5AgAQAAMAAJ&q=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&dq=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjavKHrhevOAhXFGR4KHT-NBCQQ6AEIPjAE|date=July 1982|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses.|page=861}}</ref> Kayseri, Van, Amasva, Cicekdag, Gaziantep, Tokat, Urfa, and Serinvol received via Adana the Pakistan-based Kazakh, Turkmen, Kirghiz, and Uzbek refugees numbering 3,800 with UNHCR assistance.<ref>{{cite book|title=Problèmes politiques et sociaux|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWWzAAAAIAAJ&q=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&dq=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjavKHrhevOAhXFGR4KHT-NBCQQ6AEIWzAJ|year=1982|publisher=Documentation française.|page=15}}</ref>
==== Kazakhs ====
They are about 30,000 [[Kazakh people]] living in [[Zeytinburnu]]-Istanbul. It is known that there are Kazakh people in other parts of Turkey, for instance Manisa, Konya. In 1969 and 1954 Kazakhs migrated into Anatolia's Salihli, Develi and Altay regions.<ref name="Espace">{{cite book|title=Espace populations sociétés|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCkkAQAAIAAJ&q=kayseri+diaspora+pakistan&dq=kayseri+diaspora+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiby-XQ5urOAhVEpx4KHR4dCd04ChDoAQhAMAY|year=2006|publisher=Université des sciences et techniques de Lille, U.E.R. de géographie|page=174}}</ref> Turkey became home to refugee Kazakhs.<ref name="Forbes1986">{{cite book|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=9 October 1986|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|pages=156–}}{{cite book|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=9 October 1986|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|pages=236–}}</ref> The Kazakh Turks Foundation (Kazak Türkleri Vakfı) is an organization of Kazakhs in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kazakturklerivakfi.org/index.php?limitstart=118 |title= |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=Kazak Türkleri Vakfı Resmi Web Sayfası |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> Kazakhs in Turkey came via Pakistan and Afghanistan.<ref name="Gladney2004">{{cite book|author=Dru C. Gladney|title=Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzxSNM3_vCEC&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 April 2004|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-29776-7|pages=184–}}</ref> ''Kazak Kültür Derneği'' (Kazakh Culture Associration) is a Kazakh diaspora organization in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kazakkultur.org/ |title= |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= Kazak Kültür Derneği |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
==== Kyrgyz ====
Turkey's [[Lake Van]] area is the home of [[Kyrgyz people#In Afghanistan|Kyrgyz refugees from Afghanistan]].<ref name="Planet2014">{{cite book|author=Lonely Planet|title=Great Adventures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3DWvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=1 June 2014|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=978-1-74360-102-0|pages=}}</ref> Turkey became a destination for [[Kyrgyz in Pakistan|Kyrgyz refugees]] due to the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]] from Afghanistan's Wakhan area<ref>{{cite journal |last=Finkel |first=Michael |last2= |first2= |date=February 2013 |title=Wakhan Corridor |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/02/wakhan-corridor/finkel-text |journal=National Geographic |publisher= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref> 500 remained and did not go to Turkey with the others.<ref name="Phillips2001">{{cite book|author=David J. Phillips|title=Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&pg=PA314#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2001|publisher=William Carey Library|isbn=978-0-87808-352-7|pages=314–}}</ref> ''Friendship and Culture Society of Kyrgyzstan'' (Кыргызстан Достук жана Маданият Коому) (Kırgızistan Kültür ve Dostluk Derneği Resmi Sitesi) is a Kyrgyz diaspora organization in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kyrgyzstan.org.tr/tr.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008052336/http://www.kyrgyzstan.org.tr/tr.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-10-08 |title= |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=
Кыргызстан Достук жана Маданият Коому (Kırgızistan Kültür ve Dostluk Derneği Resmi Sitesi) |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
They were airlifted in 1982 from Pakistan where they had sought refugee after the [[Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] at the end of 1979. Their original home was at the eastern end of the [[Wakhan]] Corridor, in the [[Pamirs]], bordering on China. It is not known how many Kyrgyz still live in Van and how many have moved on to other parts of Turkey.
====Uzbeks====
{{see also|Uzbeks#Uzbeks in Saudi Arabia|Uzbeks in Pakistan|Soviet Central Asia#Exiles}}
Turkey is home to 45,000 Uzbeks.<ref>[http://evrenpasakoyu.wordpress.com Evrenpaşa Köyü | Güney Türkistan'dan Anadoluya Urfa Ceylanpınar Özbek Türkleri]. Evrenpasakoyu.wordpress.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref> In the 1800s Konya's north Bogrudelik was settled by Tatar [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukharlyks]]. In 1981 [[Uzbeks in Pakistan|Afghan Turkestan refugees in Pakistan]] moved to Turkey to join the existing Kayseri, Izmir, Ankara, and Zeytinburnu based communities.<ref name="Espace"/> Turkish based Uzbeks have established links to Saudi-based Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Balcı |first=Bayram |last2= |first2= |date=Winter 2004 |title=The Role of the Pilgrimage in Relations between Uzbekistan and the Uzbek Community of Saudi Arabia |url=https://cess.memberclicks.net/assets/cesr2/CESR3/article%203%20v3n1.pdf |journal=CENTRAL EURASIAN STUDIES REVIEW |publisher= |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=17 |doi= |access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref>
====Uyghurs====
{{main|Turkistan Islamic Party}}
Turkey is home to 50,000 Uyghurs.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= April 9, 2015 |title=ISIL recruits Chinese with fake Turkish passports from Istanbul |url=http://national.bgnnews.com/isil-recruits-chinese-with-fake-turkish-passports-from-istanbul-haberi/4968|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925213242/http://national.bgnnews.com/isil-recruits-chinese-with-fake-turkish-passports-from-istanbul-haberi/4968|dead-url=yes|archive-date=September 25, 2015|newspaper=BGNNews.com|location=Istanbul |access-date= }}</ref> A community of Uyghurs live in Turkey.<ref>{{cite news |last=Blanchard |first=Ben |date= July 11, 2015 |title=China says Uighurs being sold as 'cannon fodder' for extremist groups |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-turkey-idUSKCN0PL08520150711|newspaper=Reuters |location=BEIJING |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=July 11, 2015 |title= Uyghurs sold as ‘cannon fodder’ for extremist groups: China |url=http://atimes.com/2015/07/uyghurs-being-sold-as-cannon-fodder-for-extremist-groups-china/ |newspaper=Asia Times |location= |access-date= }}</ref> [[Kayseri]] received Uyghurs numbering close to 360 via the UNHCR in 1966–1967 from Pakistan.<ref name="ShichorCenter2009">{{cite book|author1=Yitzhak Shichor|author2=East-West Center|title=Ethno-diplomacy, the Uyghur hitch in Sino-Turkish relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IR4tAQAAIAAJ&q=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&dq=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjavKHrhevOAhXFGR4KHT-NBCQQ6AEITzAH|year=2009|publisher=East-West Center|isbn=978-1-932728-80-4|page=16}}</ref> The Turkey-based Uyghur diaspora had a number of family members among Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, India, and Pakistan based Uyghurs who stayed behind while the UNHCR and government of Turkey had Kayseri receive 75 Uyghurs in 1967 and 230 Uyghurs in 1965 and a number in 1964 under Alptekin and Bughra.<ref name="PuschWilkoszewski2008">{{cite book|author1=Barbara Pusch|author2=Tomas Wilkoszewski|title=Facetten internationaler Migration in die Türkei: gesellschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen und persönliche Lebenswelten|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFYOAQAAMAAJ&q=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&dq=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiN6Z_BhuvOAhXJJB4KHQMJBJc4ChDoAQgsMAE|year=2008|publisher=Ergon-Verlag|isbn=978-3-89913-647-0|page=221}}</ref> ''We never call each other Uyghur, but only refer to ourselves as East Turkestanis, or Kashgarlik, Turpanli, or even Turks.''- according to some Uyghurs born in Turkey.<ref name="Gladney2004 2">{{cite book|author=Dru C. Gladney|title=Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzxSNM3_vCEC&pg=PA183&dq=central+asian+features+turkish+popular+blood&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjussOhne3OAhWHqR4KHbaoDXAQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=central%20asian%20features%20turkish%20popular%20blood&f=false|date=1 April 2004|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-29776-7|pages=183–}}</ref><ref name="AtabakiO'Kane1998">{{cite book|author1=Touraj Atabaki|author2=John O'Kane|title=Post-Soviet Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwZpAAAAMAAJ&q=central+asian+features+turkish+popular+blood&dq=central+asian+features+turkish+popular+blood&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjussOhne3OAhWHqR4KHbaoDXAQ6AEIJDAB|date=15 October 1998|publisher=I. B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-327-9|page=305}}</ref>
A community of Uyghurs live in Istanbul.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/aronlund/status/681549679864213504 |title= |last1=Lund |first1=Aron |last2= |first2= |date= |website=twitter.com |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> Tuzla and Zeytinburnu mosques are used by the Uyghurs in Istanbul.<ref name="Starr2015">{{cite book|author=S. Frederick Starr|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuvqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA391&dq=community+mosques+zeytinburnu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-kpLl_-rOAhVLGx4KHZbPAhsQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=community%20mosques%20zeytinburnu&f=false|date=4 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-45137-2|pages=391–}}</ref><ref name="JenkinsGottlieb2011">{{cite book|author1=J. Craig Jenkins|author2=Esther E. Gottlieb|title=Identity Conflicts: Can Violence be Regulated?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fm-ZG42HZgwC&pg=PA108&dq=community+mosques+zeytinburnu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-kpLl_-rOAhVLGx4KHZbPAhsQ6AEIJDAB#v=onepage&q=community%20mosques%20zeytinburnu&f=false|date=31 December 2011|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-0924-5|pages=108–}}</ref> Piety is a characteristic of among Turkey dwelling Uyghurs.<ref>{{cite book|title=Exploring the Nature of Uighur Nationalism: Freedom Fighters Or Terrorists? : Hearing Before the Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, First Session, June 16, 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7oKvcP_FFTYC&q=Istanbul+community+mosques+zeytinburnu&dq=Istanbul+community+mosques+zeytinburnu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiirLWl6-rOAhUGXh4KHRlaDdIQ6AEIJzAC|year=2009|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=52}}</ref><ref name="Oversight2009">{{cite book|author=United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight|title=Exploring the nature of Uighur nationalism: freedom fighters or terrorists? : hearing before the Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights, and Oversight of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, June 16, 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpqOZyk2yUUC&q=community+mosques+zeytinburnu&dq=community+mosques+zeytinburnu&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi-kpLl_-rOAhVLGx4KHZbPAhsQ6AEIKTAC|year=2009|publisher=U.S. G.P.O.|page=52}}</ref>
Istanbul's districts of [[Küçükçekmece]], [[Sefaköy]] and [[Zeytinburnu]] are home to Uyghur communities.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 8 January 2015 |title= Uygur Ajan Rabia Kadir, Doğu Türkistanlı Mücahidleri İhbar Etti |url=http://www.islahhaber.net/uygur-ajan-rabia-kadir--dogu-turkistanli-mucahidleri-ihbar-etti-42554.html |newspaper=ISLAH HABER "Özgür Ümmetin Habercisi" |location= |access-date= }}</ref> Eastern Turkistan Education and Solidarity Association is located in Turkey.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zenn|first1=Jacob|title=An Overview of Chinese Fighters and Anti-Chinese Militant Groups in Syria and Iraq|journal=China Brief|date=10 October 2014 |volume=14|issue=19|url= http://www.jamestown.org/regions/middleeast/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=42944&tx_ttnews[backPid]=49&cHash=266cbf52f118868715823bbffd809caf#.VX3kqEZGR9g |archiveurl= http://www.jamestown.org/regions/chinaasiapacific/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=42944&tx_ttnews[backPid]=52&cHash=6a7e9a92db556afc0ec56de4c31c6b79#.VX3p_EZGR9g |archivedate= 10 October 2014 |accessdate=14 June 2015|publisher=The Jamestown Foundation}}</ref> Abdurahmon Abdulahad of the East Turkistan Education Association supported Uzbek Islamists who protested against Russia and Islam Karimov's Uzbekistan government.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://turkistanlilar.org/%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3/ |title=Истанбулда Туркистонлик муҳожирларга қилинаётган қотилликларга қарши норозилик намойиши бўлди (Kирил ва Лотинда) |last1=YoSIN |first1=Muhammad |last2= |first2= |date=2015-11-01 |website=Uluslararası Türkistanlılar Dayanışma Derneği |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> Uyghurs are employed in Küçükçekmece and Zeytinburnu restaurants.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 29 November 2015 |title= China entered into Istanbul,Turkey with her 150 Spies |url=http://www.doguturkistanbulteni.com/2015/11/29/china-entered-into-istanbulturkey-with-her-150-spies/|newspaper=EAST TURKESTAN BULLETIN NEWS AGENT/ News Center |location= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 20 November 2015 |title= Çin İstihbaratı, 150 Ajan İle İstanbul’a Giriş Yaptı |url=http://www.doguturkistanbulteni.com/2015/11/20/cin-istihbarati150-ajani-ile-istanbula-giris-yapti/|newspaper=DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN BÜLTENİ HABER AJANSI / Haber Merkezi |location= |access-date= }}</ref> ''East Turkistan Immigration Association'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doguturkistan.com.tr/ |title= |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= DOĞU TÜRKİSTAN GÖÇMENLER DERNEĞİ |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> ''East Turkistan Culture and Solidarity Association'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gokbayrak.com/# |title= |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= Doğu Türkistan Kültür ve Dayanışma Derneği Genel Merkezi |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> and ''Eastern Turkistan Education and Solidarity Association'' are Uyghur diaspora organizations in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://maarip.org/tr/ |title= |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= Doğu Türkistan Maarif ve Dayanışma Derneği |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
=== Circassians ===
{{Main article|Circassians in Turkey}}
According to Milliyet, there are approximately 2.5 million [[Circassians]] in Turkey.<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı"/> However such assumptions have no basis. According to scholars and [[European Union|EU]] there are three to five million Circassians in Turkey.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bernard Lewis|title=The Emergence of Modern Turkey|page=94}}</ref>{{verification needed|date=May 2016}} The closely related ethnic groups [[Abazins]] (10,000<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=abq Ethnologue: Abasinen]</ref>) and [[Abkhaz people in Turkey|Abkhazians]] (39,000<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=abk Ethnologue: Abchasen]</ref>) are also counted as Circassians. The Circassians are a Caucasian immigrant people; the vast majority of them have been assimilated and only 20% still speak [[Circassian language|Circassian]]. In Turkey, they are usually [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ([[Hanafi]]) [[Muslim]].
=== Crimean Tatars ===
{{Main article|Crimean Tatars in Turkey}}
Before the 20th century, Crimean Tatars had immigrated from Crimea to Turkey in three waves: First, after the Russian annexation of Crimea in 1783; second, after the [[Crimean War]] of 1853-56; third, after the [[Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78]].<ref name="EGRT">[https://books.google.com/books?id=xyxpAAAAMAAJ&q=EJ+Klay+Crimean&dq=EJ+Klay+Crimean&cd=4 Peter Alford Andrews, Rüdiger Benninghaus,''Ethnic groups in the Republic of Turkey''], Vol. 2, Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1989, Wiesbaden, {{ISBN|3-88226-418-7}}, p. 87., Peter Alford Andrews, Türkiye'de Etnik Gruplar, ANT Yayınları, Aralık 1992, {{ISBN|975-7350-03-6}}, s.116-118.</ref> The official number{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} of [[Crimean Tatars]] is 150,000 (in the center of Eskişehir) but the real population (in the whole of Turkey) may be a few million. They mostly live in [[Eskişehir Province]] <ref>[http://www.iccrimea.org/scholarly/jankowski.html Crimean Tatars and Noghais in Turkey]</ref> and Kazan-[[Ankara]].
=== Dagestani peoples ===
{{main article|Peoples of the Caucasus in Turkey}}
Various ethnic groups from Dagestan are present in Turkey. Dagestani peoples live in villages in the provinces like [[Balıkesir]], [[Tokat]] and also scattered in other parts of the country. A majority among them are [[Nogais]]; [[Lezgins]] and [[Avar people (Caucasus)|Avars]] are other significant ethnic groups. [[Kumyks]] are also present.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}
=== Dutch ===
Approximately 15,000 [[Dutch people|Dutch]] live in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.nl/nr/exeres/E4FCE219-D72D-47C6-A867-7D7EC9ED0BF0.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-08-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205032945/http://www.cbs.nl/nr/exeres/E4FCE219-D72D-47C6-A867-7D7EC9ED0BF0.htm |archivedate=2012-02-05 |df= }}</ref>
===Georgians===
{{Main article|Chveneburi}}
There are approximately 1 million people of Georgian ancestry in Turkey according to the newspaper ''Milliyet''.<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı"/> Georgians in Turkey are mostly [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] of [[Hanafi]] ''[[madh'hab]]''. Immigrant Georgians are called "[[Chveneburi]]", but autochthonous Muslim Georgians use this term as well. Muslim Georgians form the majority in parts of [[Artvin Province]] east of the [[Çoruh River]]. Immigrant Muslim groups of Georgian origin, found scattered in Turkey, are known as [[Chveneburi]]. The smallest Georgian group are [[Georgian Byzantine-Rite Catholics|Catholics]] living in [[Istanbul]].
===Germans===
{{Main article|Germans in Turkey}}
There are over 50,000 '''[[Germans|German]]s''' living in '''[[Turkey]]''', primarily Germans married to Turkish spouses, employees, retirees and long-term tourists who buy properties across the Turkish coastline, often spending most of the year in the country.<ref name="TA">{{cite web|first=Cem |last=Şentürk |url=http://www.turkofamerica.com/index.php?Itemid=174&id=177&option=com_content&task=view |title=The Germans in Turkey |publisher=Turkofamerica |date=2007-10-15 |accessdate=2010-11-30}}</ref> In addition, many [[Turkish Germans]] have also returned and settled, and it is not uncommon to hear German being spoken on the streets of Istanbul by Turks.
=== Greeks ===
{{Main article|Greeks in Turkey}}
{{Further information|Greek genocide}}
The Greeks constitute a population of [[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Greek language|Greek]]-speaking [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] [[Christianity|Christians]] who mostly live in [[Istanbul]], including its district [[Princes' Islands]], as well as on the two islands of the western entrance to the [[Dardanelles]]: [[Imbros]] and [[Tenedos]] ({{lang-tr|Gökçeada}} and ''Bozcaada''). Some Greek-speaking Byzantine Christians have been assimilated over the course of the last one thousand years.
They are the remnants of the estimated 200,000 Greeks who were permitted under the provisions of the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] to remain in Turkey following the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|1923 population exchange]],<ref name="Law2002">{{cite book|author=European Commission for Democracy through Law|title=The Protection of National Minorities by Their Kin-State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bROQZazNy-UC&pg=PA142|accessdate=2 February 2013|year=2002|publisher=Council of Europe|isbn=978-92-871-5082-0|page=142|quote=In Turkey the Orthodox minority who remained in Istanbul, Imvros and Tenedos governed by the same provisions of the treaty of Lausanne was gradually shrunk from more than 200,000 in 1930 to less than 3,000 today.}}</ref> which involved the forcible resettlement of approximately 1.5 million Greeks from [[Anatolia]] and [[East Thrace]] and of half a million [[Turkish people|Turks]] from all of Greece except for [[Western Thrace]]. After years of persecution (e.g. the [[Varlık Vergisi]] and the [[Istanbul Pogrom]]), [[emigration]] of [[ethnic Greeks]] from the Istanbul region greatly accelerated, reducing the 119,822
<ref name="demography-lab.prd.uth.gr">http://www.demography-lab.prd.uth.gr/DDAoG/article/cont/ergasies/tsilenis.htm</ref>-strong Greek minority before the attack to about 7,000 by 1978.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/2008/09/07/haber,033E2E8B399A4A638FCD099591F11DD4.html
|accessdate=2008-12-25
|title=Sermaye nasıl el değiştirdi?
|first=Ecevit
|last=Kilic
|work=Sabah
|language=Turkish
|date=2008-09-07
|quote=6-7 Eylül olaylarından önce İstanbul'da 135 bin Rum yaşıyordu. Sonrasında bu sayı 70 bine düştü. 1978'e gelindiğinde bu rakam 7 bindi.
}}</ref> The 2008 figures released by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)|Turkish Foreign Ministry]] places the current number of Turkish citizens of Greek descent at the 3,000–4,000 mark.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=161291
|accessdate=2008-12-15
|title=Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey
|date=2008-12-15
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501063653/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=161291
|archivedate=2010-05-01
|df=
}}</ref>
According to Milliyet there are 15,000 Greeks in Turkey,<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı"/> while according to [[Human Rights Watch]] the Greek population in Turkey was estimated at 2,500 in 2006.<ref name="HRW">Lois Whitman ''Denying Human Rights and Ethnic Identity: The Greeks of Turkey.'' Human Rights Watch, September 1, 1992 - 54 pages. Page 2 [https://books.google.com/books?id=SdubdhMwM1YC&printsec=frontcover&dq=greeks+in+turkey+human+rights+watch&source=bl&ots=O6ROHgfCqF&sig=XJ7tZi2oqiDfQNE1Wb7sZTH7b-k&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wQdfUIqANNSLhQefv4HABA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=greeks%20in%20turkey%20human%20rights%20watch&f=false]</ref> According to the same source, the Greek population in Turkey was collapsing as the community was by then far too small to sustain itself demographically, due to [[emigration]], much higher death rates than birth rates and continuing discrimination.<ref name="HRW"/> In recent years however, most notably since the economic crisis in Greece, the trend has reversed. A few hundred to over a thousand Greeks now migrate to Turkey yearly for employment or educational purposes.<ref>[http://www.eurasianet.org/node/62990 Turkey: Istanbul’s Greek Community Experiencing a Revival] (Eurasianet, 2 March 2011)</ref><ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/jobseekers-from-greece-try-chances-in-istanbul.aspx?pageID=238&nid=11009 Jobseekers from Greece try chances in Istanbul] (Hurriyet Daily News, 9 January 2012)</ref>
Christian Greeks were forced to migrate. [[Greek Muslims|Muslim Greeks]] live in Turkey today. They live in cities of [[Trabzon]] and [[Rize]].
Since 1924, the status of the Greek minority in Turkey has been ambiguous. Beginning in the 1930s, the government instituted repressive policies forcing many Greeks to emigrate. Examples are the [[Labour battalion (Turkey)|labour battalion]]s drafted among non-Muslims during World War II as well as the Fortune Tax levied mostly on non-Muslims during the same period. These resulted in financial ruination and death for many Greeks. The exodus was given greater impetus with the Istanbul Pogrom of September 1955 which led to thousands of Greeks fleeing the city, eventually reducing the Christian Greek population to about 7,000 by 1978 and to about 2,500 by 2006 before beginning to increase again after 2008.
=== Jews ===
{{Main article|Jews in Turkey}}
{{Further information|Antisemitism in Turkey}}
There have been [[Romaniote Jews|Jewish communities in Asia Minor]] since at least the 5th century BC and many [[Sephardic Jews|Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] [[Alhambra Decree|expelled from Spain]] came to the Ottoman Empire (including regions part of modern Turkey) in the late 15th century. Despite [[Aliyah|emigration]] during the 20th century, modern-day Turkey continues to have a small Jewish population of about 20,000.<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı"/>
=== Karachay ===
[[Karachays|Karachay people]] live in villages concentrated in [[Konya]] and [[Eskişehir]].
=== Kurds ===
{{Main article|Kurds in Turkey|Turkish Kurdistan}}
{{Further information|Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey}}
[[File:Kurdish population by region (KONDA 2010).png|thumb|Percentage of Kurdish population in Turkey by region<ref name=KONDAkurd>{{cite web|title=Kürt Meselesi̇ni̇ Yeni̇den Düşünmek|url=http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2010_12_KONDA_Kurt_Meselesini_Yeniden_Dusunmek.pdf|publisher=KONDA|accessdate=2013-06-11|pages=19–20|date=July 2010}}</ref>]][[File:Kurdish mother & child Van 1973.jpg|thumb|Kurdish mother and child, Van, Turkey. 1973]]
Ethnic [[Kurds]] are the largest minority in Turkey, composing around 20% of the population according to Milliyet, 18% of the total populace or c. 14 million people according to the CIA World Factbook, and as much as 23% according to Kurdologist David McDowall.<ref name="CIA World Factbook: Turkey">CIA World Factbook: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html Turkey]</ref><ref>David McDowall. ''A Modern History of the Kurds.'' Third Edition. I.B.Tauris, May 14, 2004 - 504 pages, page 3.</ref> Unlike the Turks, the Kurds speak an [[Iranian language]]. There are Kurds living all over Turkey, but most live to the east and southeast of the country, from where they originate.
In the 1930s, Turkish government policy aimed to forcibly assimilate and [[Turkification|Turkify]] local Kurds. Since 1984, Kurdish resistance movements included both peaceful political activities for basic civil rights for Kurds within Turkey, and violent armed rebellion for a separate Kurdish state.<ref name="Global Security">{{cite web|work=GlobalSecurity.org|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kurdistan-turkey.htm |title=Kurdistan-Turkey|accessdate=2007-03-28|date=2007-03-22}}</ref>
=== Laz ===
{{Main article|Laz people in Turkey}}
Most Laz people today live in Turkey, but the Laz minority group has no official status in Turkey. Their number today is estimated at 2,250,000.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ_hppqYIxQC&pg=PA90&dq=laz+language&hl=tr&ei=HNBSTvHDI6HP4QSrodHfAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=laz%20language&f=false The Uses and Abuses of History, Margaret MacMillan] Google Books</ref> The Laz are [[Sunni Muslims]]. Only a minority are bilingual in Turkish and their native [[Laz language]] which belongs to the [[South Caucasian languages|South Caucasian group]]. The number of the Laz speakers is decreasing, and is now limited chiefly to the [[Rize]] and [[Artvin]] areas. The historical term [[Lazistan]] — formerly referring to a narrow tract of land along the [[Black Sea]] inhabited by the Laz as well as by several other ethnic groups — has been banned from official use and replaced with ''Doğu Karadeniz'' (which also includes [[Trabzon]]). During the [[Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878]], the [[Muslim]] population of Russia near the war zones was subjected to ethnic cleansing; many Lazes living in [[Batumi|Batum]] fled to the Ottoman Empire, settling along the southern Black Sea coast to the east of [[Samsun]].
=== Levantines ===
{{Main article|Levantines (Latin Christians)}}
Levantines continue to live in [[Istanbul]] (mostly in the districts of [[Galata]], [[Beyoğlu]] and [[Nişantaşı]]), İzmir (mostly in the districts of [[Karşıyaka]], [[Bornova]] and [[Buca]]), and the lesser port city [[Mersin]] where they had been influential for creating and reviving a tradition of [[opera]].<ref>[http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=222567 Mersin'in bahanesi yok] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019125610/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=222567 |date=2012-10-19 }}, [[Radikal]], 26 May 2007</ref> Famous people of the present-day Levantine community in Turkey include [[Maria Rita Epik]], Franco-Levantine [[Koç family|Caroline Giraud Koç]] and Italo-Levantine [[Giovanni Scognamillo]].
===Meskhetian Turks===
There is a community of [[Meskhetian Turks]] (Ahiska Turks) in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ahiska.org.tr/ |title= |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= BİZİM AHISKA DERGİSİ WEB SAYFASI |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
=== Chechens and Ingush ===
{{main article|Peoples of the Caucasus in Turkey}}
{{Main article|Chechens in Turkey}}
'''Chechens in Turkey''' are [[Turkish people|Turkish]] citizens of [[Chechen people|Chechen]] descent and Chechen refugees living in [[Turkey]]. [[Chechens]] and [[Ingush people|Ingush]] live in the provinces of [[Istanbul]], [[Kahramanmaraş]], [[Mardin]], [[Sivas]], and [[Muş]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}
=== Ossetians ===
{{Main article|Ossetians in Turkey}}
[[Ossetians]] emigrated from [[North Ossetia]] since the second half of the 19th century, end of [[Caucasian War]]. Today, the majority of them live in Ankara and Istanbul. There are 24 Ossetian villages in central and eastern Anatolia. The Ossetians in Turkey are divided into three major groups, depending on their history of immigration and ensuing events: those living in [[Kars]] (Sarıkamış) and [[Erzurum]], those in [[Sivas]], [[Tokat]] and [[Yozgat]] and those in [[Muş]] and [[Bitlis]].<ref>[http://www.worldbulletin.net/author_article_print.php?id=1804]</ref>
===Poles===
There are only 4,000 ethnic [[Polish diaspora#Turkey|Poles in Turkey]] who have been assimilated{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} into the main Turkish culture. The immigration did start during the [[Partitions of Poland|Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. [[Józef Bem]] was one of the first immigrants and Prince [[Adam Jerzy Czartoryski]] founded [[Polonezköy]] in 1842. Most Poles in Turkey live in Polonezköy, [[Istanbul]].
=== Roma ===
{{Main article|Roma in Turkey}}
The [[Romani people|Roma]] in Turkey number approximately 700,000 according to Milliyet.<ref name= "Milliyet-Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı"/> [[Sulukule]] is the oldest Roma settlement in Europe. By different Turkish and Non-Turkish estimates the number of Romani is up to 4 or 5 million <ref>"Türkiye’deki Çingene nüfusu tam bilinmiyor.[http://webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/2005/05/08/639714.asp Article from Hürryet]</ref><ref>Romani, according to latest estimations of some experts, number between 4 and 5 million. [http://www.erionet.org/site/basic100094.html European Roma Information Office]</ref> while according to a Turkish source, they are only 0.05% of Turkey's population (or roughly persons).<ref>"Bu düzenlemeyle ortaya çıkan tabloda Türkiye’de yetişkinlerin (18 yaş ve üstündekilerin) etnik kimliklerin dağılımı ... % 0,05 Roman ... şeklindedir.": {{cite web |url=http://www.konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar/ttya_tr.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-02-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030012326/http://konda.com.tr/html/dosyalar/ttya_tr.pdf |archivedate=2010-10-30 |df= }}</ref> The descendants of the Ottoman Roma today are known as [[Xoraxane]] Roma and are of the [[Islam]]ic faith.<ref>Elena Marushiakova, Veselin Popov (2001) "Gypsies in the Ottoman Empire", {{ISBN|1902806026}}''[[University of Hertfordshire Press]]''
*Original: Елена Марушиакова, Веселин Попов (2000) "Циганите в Османската империя". Литавра, София (''Litavra'' Publishers, [[Sofia]]).{{bg icon}}</ref>
=== Russians ===
{{Main article|Russians in Turkey}}
'''[[Russians]]''' in '''[[Turkey]]''' number about 50,000 citizens.<ref name="Mid">«Получить точные статистические данные относительно численности соотечественников в Турции не представляется возможным… в целом сегодня можно говорить примерно о 50 тыс. проживающих в Турции россиян». // Интервью журналу «Консул» № 4 /19/, декабрь 2009 года [http://www.mid.ru/ns_publ.nsf/cb8e241d18a8904ec3256fc7002ddc0e/a26c797ba51042d2c32576800031670a?OpenDocument на сайте МИД РФ]</ref> Russians began migrating to Turkey during the first half of the 1990s. Most were fleeing the economic problems prevalent after the dissolution of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]. During this period, many Russian immigrants intermarried and assimilated with Turkish locals, giving rise to a rapid increase in mixed marriages.<ref name="Mid"/> There is a Russian Association of Education, Culture and Cooperation which aims to expand Russian language and [[Russian culture|culture]] in Turkey as well as promote the interests of the community.
=== Serbs ===
{{Main article|Serbs in Turkey}}
In the 1965 Census 6,599 Turkish citizen spoke [[Serbian language|Serbian]] as a first language and another 58,802 spoke [[Serbian language|Serbian]] as a second language.<ref>[[Demographics of Turkey#1965 census]]</ref>
=== Zazas ===
{{Main article|Zaza people}}
The [[Zaza people|Zazas]] are a community who identifies as ethnic [[Kurds]].<ref name="Malmîsanij">[http://en.calameo.com/read/001695923509c0f9c7096 Kird, Kirmanc Dimili or Zaza Kurds, Deng Publishing, Istanbul, 1996 by Malmisanij]</ref> Their language [[Zazaki]] is a language spoken in eastern Anatolia between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. It belongs to the northwest-Iranian group of the Iranian language branch of the Indo-European language family. The Zaza language is related to Kurdish, Persian and Balōchi. An exact indication of the number of Zaza speakers is unknown. Internal Zaza sources estimate the total number of Zaza speakers at 3 to 6 million.
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